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VETERINARY MEDICINE SERIES 

No. 8 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 



BY 

J. V. LACROIX, D.V.S. 

Professor of Surgery, The Kansas City Veterinary College 



ILLUSTRATED 



Chicago 
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 
1915 






copyright 1915 

By 
D. M. Campbell 



QGT 181915 

©CI.A414126 



n. 



yts& 



(. 



PREFACE 



This work is not intended for those unacquainted 
with anatomy, restraint of animals, principles of sur- 
gery and asepsis. It is assumed that the student is 
familiar with anatomy, and no attempt at such in- 
struction has been made. However, anatomy is treated 
in sufficient detail for accurate description of the tech- 
nic pertaining to the various operations considered. 
The reader's familiarity with the restraint of animals 
being presupposed, tedious recital of modes of restraint 
has been omitted; but the kind of restraint that will 
best serve any given operation has been indicated. 
Since a good working knowledge of the principles, of 
surgery and asepsis is necessary to comprehend the 
text, frequent reminders that instruments should be 
boiled and the operator's hands washed, have been 
purposely avoided. The selection of instruments is a 
matter of individual choice or custom, and, therefore, 
naming the instruments required for each operation 
described, has been intentionally omitted. 

This volume is a resume of observations made during 
ten years' experience in the castration of animals. In 
considering the technic of operations, where more than 
one method is in vogue, tbe one that has proved the 
most practicable has been described. 

The sections on equine umbilical hernia and cesarean 
operation in the sow have been included because these 
cases command much of the veterinarian's attention 
during the season of castration. 

J. V. L. 

October, 1915. 

3 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

List of Illustrations , 7 

Introduction 9 

PART I 

Castration of Males 

SECTION I. 

Preliminary Measures 15 

SECTION II. 
Anatomy of the Structures Directly Involved 23 

SECTION III. 
Methods of Castration 25 

SECTION IV. 
Castration of the Horse 29 

SECTION V. 
Castration of the Bos 59 

SECTION VI. 
Castration of Sheep 73 

SECTION VII. 
Castration of Swine 75 

SECTION VIII. 
Castration of Dogs and Cats S3 

SECTION IN. 
Castration of Birds S7 

5 



CONTENTS— Continued 

PART II . 

Castration of Females 

SECTION I. 
Vaginal Ovariotomy of the Mare 89 

SECTION II. 
Vaginal Ovariotomy of the Cow 95 

SECTION III. 
Castration of Heifers 97 

SECTION IV. 
Castration of Sows 101 

SECTION V. 
Castration of the Dog (Spaying) 10'3 

SECTION VI. 
Castration of the Cat (Spaying) 119 

APPENDIX. 

Equine Umbilical Hernia 125 

Cesarean Section in the Sow 133 

Index 142 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



FIGURE PAGE 

1. A Castrating Knife with Convex Cutting Edge 15 

2. A Castrating Knife Having a Hooked Blade 16 

3. Emaseulator Hi 

4. Ecraseur 17 

5. Castration of the Colt in a Standing Position 19 

(3. Eestraint for Castrating Colts 20 

7. The ' ' Covered Operation " 27 

8. A Modification of the ' ' Covered Operation " 31 

9. Eestraint for Cryptorchid Castration 40 

10. Genital Organs of the Bull 60 

11. Castrating the Young Calf 61 

12. Eestraint of Calf in Standing Position for Castration. . 02 

13. Showing Position of Operator, Also Lines of Incision. . 63 

14. Eueff 's Method of Casting 65 

15. Showing Manner of Eestraint of Male Cat for Cas- 
tration 84 

16. A Form of Hippo-Lasso 91 

17. Eestraint for Spaying 106 

18. Median Line Incision for Spaying 108 

19. The Ovary Within the Grasp of the Spaying Forceps. . Ill 

20. Completing the Process of Limited Torsion for Ampu- 
tation of the Ovary 112 

21. Suture for Coaptation of the Peritoneum and Abdom- 
inal Muscles 113 

22. Method of Tying Continuous Suture 114 

23. Flank Incision for Spaying the Cat 121 

7 



INTRODUCTION 

History 

Castration of animals was practiced by the ancients 
as there is occasional mention of it in literature, but 
it is doubtful if this operation was performed on ani- 
mals before it was practiced on the human. There is 
frequent allusion to castration or to one castrated in 
many literary works and data on this operation as 
practiced upon the human subject are readily obtained. 

We quote from A Reference Handbook of the Medi- 
cal Sciences, Vol. II, page 710: "Castration is a very 
ancient practice. It was a consequence of the system 
of polygamy. The word Eunuch means literally hav- 
ing charge of the bed chamber. The Hebrew word 
means mutilated, and the first royal chamberlains were 
probably castrated men. Later the term eunuch was 
applied to men in all sorts of offices and it lost its 
original meaning. ' ' 

"Herodotus relates that the castration of slaves was 
an industry among the Greeks. These slaves brought 
a high price in the markets of Ephesus. Early records 
of castration in China date back to 1100 B. C. Next 
to beheading it was at one time the most severe form 
of punishment." 

Object 

Reasons for the castrating of animals may be divided 
into two general classes. First, for economic purposes; 
making it possible to keep and work animals of both 



10 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

sexes together without difficulty, which would be im- 
possible if the males were left entire; to regulate the 
reproductive numbers and thereby seek to elevate the 
standard of any given species ; and to obviate dangers 
of accidents and injuries occasioned by the instinctive 
combat between males. The second reason for animal 
castration is to work for the otherwise impossible cor- 
rection of certain pathological conditions, such as in- 
fectious orchitis, and in some cases of strangulated 
hernia of the breeding male. 

Castration has a marked effect upon the conforma- 
tion of animals and viewed from the economical stand- 
point, this result is beneficial. Conformation is mate- 
rially altered, and where the animal is castrated at an 
early age, the type is not so strongly developed as in 
the case of the unaltered subject. Geldings do not 
possess the physical maturity of stallions, being less 
powerful in appearance and lacking the large, mas- 
culine facial features of the stallion. The neck is more 
slender, the crest somewhat undeveloped, and the mus- 
cularity of the breast and forearms is not so pro- 
nounced, — in short, the entire body partakes of a finer 
and more feminine type. A similar but less observable 
condition occurs with respect to the unsexed female. 
This is true, in varying degrees, of all animals. 

The character of the flesh of a castrated animal is 
also materially different from that of the uncas+rated, 
the flesh of the steer having a better flavor and being 
more tender and edible than, that of a bull. This is 
particularly noticeable in the flesh of swine, — the meat 
of the entire male hog or one castrated after attaining 
maturity, having a characteristic odor and being not 
really palatable. 

The flow of milk is said to be appreciably prolonged 
in cows that have been spayed, but it is doubtful if 



INTRODUCTION 11 

the quality of the milk is improved in the least. In 
those instances where it is undesirable or inconvenient 
to breed milk cows, the estral period interferes materi- 
ally with lactation at each regular recurrence. In such 
cases spaying is advisable. 

The best age for castrating the various species is a 
much-debated question, as many circumstances govern, 
in a measure, the decision in different cases. It is gen- 
erally conceded that a colt is best castrated between 
the ages of nine and twenty-four months, though some 
stock owners are firmly of the opinion that colts should 
not be altered until they are two years of age, claiming 
that this delay enables the animals to attain better 
physical development. While this may be true in cer- 
tain cases, yet in the average thrifty colt, particularly 
of the draft breeds, the gain in certain parts of the 
physique is offset by pronounced undesirable charac- 
teristics which manifest themselves because of late 
castration. The vigorous draft colt castrated at the 
age of two years may possess a better developed head, 
neck and fore quarters than does the one operated on 
at a year of age, yet the croup and hind quarters of 
the first, are not developed in proportion to the fore 
quarters, there resulting an asymmetrical conforma- 
tion. Because of the fact that the testicles normally 
descend at or soon after birth in the normal foal, in a 
few cases the inguinal canal remains somewhat lax and 
loose, making castration of a foal during his earlier 
months, an unsafe procedure, as hernia and even even- 
tration may result. Under average normal conditions 
the best age for castrating colts is between nine and 
twelve months. Males of the bovine species are best 
castrated when \evy young, and since the operaxion 
apparently causes the subject a minimum degree of 
discomfort and there is no reason for not operating 



12 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

at a very early age, it is best to select the earliest 
convenient time. Swine also are most successfully al- 
tered when very young. Sheep and goats are not 
capable of withstanding surgical interference to the 
same extent as cattle, and are best castrated at or 
about two months of age. Dogs and cats are castrated 
merely as a matter of domestic convenience, and in the 
majority of instances, since these animals are kept for 
pets or companions, the operation is best and easiest 
for the subject at or about the age of six months. In 
the unsexing of females, reasons for operating deter- 
mine in a measure, the age most suitable. Heifers are 
spayed, if possible, before experiencing their first 
estral period, and the same is true of female swine, 
dogs and cats. Where the operation is done by the 
method of Charlier, the animal needs to attain a suffi- 
cient degree of development to enable the operator to 
comfortably manipulate instruments within the vaginal 
canal. Long deferment of this operation, however, is 
not likely to bring at once the desired result of ab- 
sence of the sexual instinct in the previously bred fe- 
male of some species. 

Season and Age for Castration 

The season best suited for castrating depends some- 
what upon climatic conditions, existent vulnerable 
agencies, and customs fixed because of the element of 
convenience necessary in proper handling of the sub- 
jects. In those latitudes where insect life or other 
vulnerable agencies frequently cause an unfavorable 
outcome, castration should be done in the spring of 
the year. Where animals arc sent to pasture for the 
spring or summer months, the operation is more con- 
veniently done before they are turned out. In other 



INTRODUCTION 13 

instances, where screw worms do not abound, or where 
the subjects are somewhat unthrifty, it is best to 
castrate them during the early summer months. It 
seems hardly necessary to say that animals should not 
be exposed to adverse elements immediately after this 
operation, as exposure to long-continued cold rains 
tends to lower the vitality, decrease the powers of 
resistance and enhances the possibility of sequela?. 
However, the fallacious theory cherished by some, 
that colts should not be exposed to rain directly 
after castration, should be emphatically discouraged. 
Inevitably more harm is done by the well-meaning 
client who shelters his recently castrated colt in an 
unsanitary and even filthy stall than can possibly be 
occasioned by the heaviest downpour of rain, provided 
the weather is not cold. It has been found impos- 
sible for a newly castrated colt to assume the normal 
recumbent position when it is kept in a stable or lit- 
tered barnyard without causing contamination of the 
surgical wounds of the scrotum. Postoperative infec- 
tions have been so caused in many instances, at the 
expense of the reputation of the acting veterinarian, 
and it therefore behooves the castrator to insist posi- 
tively upon having his patient kept away from all 
barnyard filth until the scrotal wounds have healed 
completely. 

In castrating normal young animals that are kept 
under average conditions, no preoperative preparation 
is urgent. Where general anesthesia is employed in 
the handling of mature animals, or in the case of 
nervous stallions, food should be withheld for a suffi- 
cient length of time to minimize the danger of fer- 
mentation of ingesta which might be brought on by 
the attendant excitement. In certain pathological con- 
ditions where the operation is likely to consume con- 



14 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

siderable time, as in some cryptorchids, and in cases 
where general anesthesia is to be employed, animals 
should always be dieted before operating. Preopera- 
tive preparation of the surgical field varies with the 
case and the manner in which the technique is exe- 
cuted. Where a normal animal is castrated under aver- 
age conditions, local preparation consists in washing 
with suitable solutions and rendering the field clean. 
In other cases, such as cryptorchid castration, a thor- 
ough cleansing of the surgical area with soap and 
water, drying the parts, and finally painting the skin 
with tincture of iodin, is a necessary precautionary 
measure. In the castration of swine and calves, if 
the parts are not soiled, no preoperative local cleansing 
is imperative. 



PART ONE 

SECTION I 

CASTRATION OF MALES 
PRELIMINARY MEASURES 

Selection of Instruments 

In the performance of any surgical operation, every 
reputable surgeon has his decided preference with re- 
gard to the instruments and appliances to be used, 
and while it is not our purpose to recommend any 
particular make of instruments, we do deem it wise 
to call attention to the fact that there are a discov- 




Fig. 1— A CASTRATING KNIFE OF A GOOD PATTERN, HAVING 
A SHORT BLADE WITH CONVEX CUTTING EDGE 

ered few on the market the faulty construction of 
which makes them very undesirable for the purpose 
of castration. 

Especially must the instrument used for this pur- 
pose be a properly designed one and of a convenient 
size. Castrating knives are made of the hoe blade or 
hooked pattern, or equipped with a rather short blade 
having a very convex cutting edge, and are preferably 
devoid of a sharp point. 

For the ablation of the testicle, the emasculator 
is the more widely used instrument by scientific vet- 
erinarians, and so long as it is constructed in such 
manner that division of the cord may be effected 

15 



16 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 



without subsequent hemorrhage, the essentials exist, 
and it remains a matter of choice with the operator 
as to which particular style of this instrument he 




2— A SUITABLE CASTRATING KNIFE HAVING A 
HOOKED BLADE 



may prefer to use. The same statement is true of 
the ecraseur, and as these two instruments are the 
principal ones employed in the castrating' operation, 
none others will be mentioned here. 

As in the case of all surgical instruments, it is most 
important that they be properly cared for — kept clean 
and dry when not in use. It is quite impossible to 
keep an instrument clean after the plating has be- 
come damaged. Every veterinarian should have suffi- 
cient pride in the appearance of his equipment to keep 




Fig. 3— A VERY GOOD STYLE OF EMASCULATOR WITH EXTRA 
ATTACHMENT TO INSURE HEMOSTASIS 

it in good condition, even though it were not urgent 
to do so in the case of castrating instruments, to pre- 
vent possible infection, and only the practitioners who 
have this innate pride will tend to raise the standard 
of their profession. Castrating instruments should be 



PEEL! MINA'KY MEASURES 



17 



boiled daily when regularly used and should be kepi 
wrapped in a clean, sterile towel, and not loosely 
thrown in the soiled and more or less contaminated 
emergency bag. In field work the average client will 
inwardly, if not outwardly, appreciate the pains taken 
by the scrupulously exacting operator, even though he 
is put to some effort to procure a clean pail or basin and 
sterile towels for the convenience of the veterinarian, 




F ; CT 4 _a SUBSTANTIAL ECRASEUR OF THE "QUICK-CHAIN" 

TYPE 

when the client understands that such precautions are 
taken for the sole purpose of lessening the danger of 
infection to his animals. 

The veterinary student who is unfamiliar with the 
appearance and quality of castrating and other special 
instruments should refer to any complete veterinary 
instrument catalogue, wdiich can be readily secured 
from any reputable dealer. 



Restraint 

A thorough knowledge of practical methods of re- 
straint of animals is very necessary in order to become 
skilled as a castrator. It could not he the intention of 
any right thinking veterinarian to employ restraint to 
the exclusion of anesthesia; however, oftentimes a cas- 
tration operation, skillfully performed on a conscious 
animal, may inflict less real shock and distress to the 
subject than complete anesthesia used under average 



18 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

conditions. Proper restraint constitutes a very essen- 
tial part of the operation for successful castration, and 
this means applies not only to the preparation of large 
animals but to the smaller ones as well. 

Veterinary surgeons are not agreed as to the best 
method of procedure in the handling of larger animals 
in many instances, but while their opinions may differ 
in this, the result sought is the same, so that while 
one man may confine an animal in some specific way 
that departs radically from the manner ordinarily 
employed, he may, nevertheless, be a very practical 
and successful operator. In the handling of horse and 
mule colts for castration there are probably many 
more practitioners who cast the animals in some se- 
cure manner than there are who perform the opera- 
tion with the subject in standing position. Each of 
the two methods has its advantages and its disadvan- 
tages, which may be summarized as follows : 

The standing operation is practicable in colts that 
have attained sufficient size to allow for the work 
with a certain degree of convenience to the operator, 
but it is not practical and is difficult to perform in 
undersized subjects — particularly so in mules, where 
the testicle is not well developed and the cremaster 
muscle active in contraction. The standing operation 
requires less time and exertion for one skilled in its 
performance, but it is sometimes prolonged because of 
the inability of the operator and his assistant to prop- 
erly control the animal, and it occasionally becomes 
impossible to cope successfully with certain abnormal 
conditions encountered, thereby necessitating interrup- 
tion of the work for the purpose of casting and tying 
the subject so that the task may be completed. For- 
tunately for both operators and animals, such condi- 
tions are rarely encountered. 



PRELIMINARY MEASURES 



19 



It is quite impossible to operate upon the standing 
animal and execute as nearly perfect a technic with 
respect to cleanliness as may he done upon the recum- 
bent animal. The average operator would probably 
not meet with success in the handling of other animals 
than colts that are sufficiently tractable to be readily 
haltered. 

All conditions and emergencies taken into considera- 




Fig . 5— CASTRATION OF THE COLT IN A STANDING POSITION 

The operator is close to the subject yet not contacting the animal 



tioii, it is evident that the performance of castration 
upon the standing subject would be only successfully 
executed by those already skilled as castrators, apt and 
adaptable as horsemen, and sufficiently agile to pro- 
tect themselves when necessary. The operation is ad- 
vised only in animals that are normal with respect to 
the position and development of the testicles; where 



20 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 



there exists no hernia or other abnormal conditions 
which might seriously interfere with the work, and in 
colts having developed sufficiently to enable the oper- 
ator to thoroughly execute the technic. 

The matter and manner of restraint of his subjects 
is of great importance to the veterinarian, and he 
should not be wanting in proper judgment and skill 
to employ the most practical, the safest, and most hu- 




Fig. 6- 



-A PRACTICAL METHOD OF RESTRAINT FOR 
CASTRATING COLTS 



mane means in every instance. Experienced castrators 
have demonstrated that the wild, untamed colt is han- 
dled with the minimum degree of resistance when 
quickly and securely confined in recumbency, and also 
that the large, lethargic draft colt is more easily han- 
dled in a gentle, leisurely, yet skillful, manner. In the 
first instance there may be need of a lariat rope and 
the employment of the old simple method of "hog 



PEELIMINAEY MEASURES 21 

tying," whereas in the second ease the subject may be 
castrated while in the standing position, or he may be 
gently and quietly cast and confined with some prac- 
tical harness. In short, it is necessary to use different 
methods to suit the number of varying cases. 

The veterinarian should never disregard the fact 
that a certain amount of responsibility rests upon him 
in regard to the employment of untrained assistants, 
and their likelihood of meeting with accidents in the 
handling of animals. In the absence of precautionary 
advice, the volunteer or untrained helper may suffer 
painful injury, and it therefore behooves the practi- 
tioner to warn and so place his clients when they are 
lending assistance that he — the practitioner — may not 
be charged with wilful neglect in this matter. It is 
likewise most important that the animals placed under 
restraint be handled in an extremely careful manner, 
to prevent their becoming injured. Such forethought- 
ful measures will discourage attempts on the part of 
the client to collect indemnity in case of accidental 
injury or loss of the patient. 



SECTION II 

ANATOMY OF THE STRUCTURES 
DIRECTLY INVOLVED 

The testicle is a structure that is composed of gland- 
ular, vascular, nervous, and fibrous tissues, and its lo- 
cation in the different animals varies somewhat. It is 
supported more or less closely to the body by means 
of the cremaster muscle, fibrous integuments of the 
cord, and by the scrotum. The cremaster muscle has 
its origin at the posterior portion of the inner abdom- 
inal ring, and, according to Sisson, originating from 
the iliac fascia near the origin of the sartorious. The 
distal attachment is by means of the tunica vaginalis 
communis. 

The spermatic cord consists of fibro-areolar struc- 
ture loosely enveloping arteries, veins, nerves, and the 
vas deferens. The spermatic artery is given off from 
the aorta, and the spermatic vein furnishes a means 
of return for the blood. Lymph vessels accompany 
the vein and empty into the lumbar lymph glands. 

The vas deferens, which is also contained within 
the spermatic cord, is a continuation of the epididymis, 
separating itself from the vessels located in the anterior 
portion of the cord, as it enters the urogenital fold. 
The nerve supply is derived from the renal and pos- 
terior mesenteric plexuses. 

The scrotum or pouch containing the testicles is 
composed of layers derived from the skin and other 
integument forming the abdominal wall, and from 
without inward are the skin, dartos, scrotal fascia, 

23 



24 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

tunica vaginalis communis, and tunica vaginalis 
propria. The dartos is derived from the abdominal 
tunic ; the scrotal fascia is contributed by the oblique 
abdominal muscles ; the tunica vaginalis communis is 
a continuation of the parietal peritoneum ; and the 
tunica vaginalis propria is the mesorchium of the 
fetus. These coverings are not proper to the testicle, 
but, strictly speaking, are coverings usually considered 
as forming the scrotum. 

The proper covering of the testicle is the fibrous, 
inelastic, closely-investing tunica albuginea, which is 
not directly attached even to the tunica vaginalis 
propria, In the immediate region of the scrotum there 
is to be found in some cases in colts an abnormal de- 
velopment of branches of the external pudic veins 
forming plexuses. This is common in cryptorchids. 

There is much difference in the comparative size of 
the testicles in the various domestic animals. Bulls, 
sheep and goats have comparatively large testicles, 
which are supported in the sub-pubic region in a pen- 
dent manner, exposing these glands to injury from 
ballotment between the thighs or from actual vio- 
lence in many other ways. The testicles of the boar 
are comparatively large but closely invested by the 
scrotum, and situated in the external perineal region 
in such manner that they are well protected. In the 
horse the testicles are comparatively smaller than are 
those of the animals aforementioned, supported rather 
more closely to the body in the sub-pubic region and 
ordinarily not subject to injury except from chafing, 
this occurring more often in light harness horses put 
at fast work. 



SECTION III 

METHODS OF CASTRATION 

In the castration of animals the practicability of 
any given modus operandi can only be judged accord- 
ing to the convenience of the veterinarian and the 
possible difficulties to be encountered in varying cases. 
Ablation of the testicle being the essential object of 
the operation, assuredly, then, it behooves the sur- 
geon to accomplish this result in the most practical 
manner possible, with the least discomfort and danger 
to his subject and to himself. 

A consideration in the performance of this opera- 
tion is the danger of hemorrhage, and because of this 
possibility being greater in certain animals, the instru- 
ment to be used should be selected accordingly. In 
subjects prone to suffer hemorrhage, the employment 
of the ecraseur, the emasculator, ligatures, or even the 
wood clamp, is indicated ; but for all practical pur- 
poses where hemorrhage is improbable, removal of the 
testicles may be safely and immediately accomplished 
by the use of the knife. The use of the ecraseur or 
emasculator in the castration of a weanling pig, for 
instance, is impractical, and is not a favorable choice 
for the operator. In animals where there exists some 
possibility of hemorrhage, the knife may be employed 
in such a manner that the tissues severed are scraped 
and not keenly divided, and a moderate degree of 
"unlimited" torsion of the spermatic cord — twisting 
it round and round — and then dividing the tissues by 
scraping, lessens the danger of hemorrhage. 

25 



26 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

Histologically considered, the tunica intima of ar- 
teries is the most delicate layer of the three, and where 
any sort of manipulation of an artery results in injury 
to this innermost layer, retraction of the tissue fol- 
lows. With such retraction and contusion, the lumen 
of the vessel is materially lessened, and coagulation 
of blood is hastened. This inner tissue of the arterial 
wall is the least resistant and will be divided before 
the outer structures are crushed; therefore any in- 
strument that will effect the division of the tissue 
surely, and cause sufficient contusion to insure coagu- 
lation of arterial blood, will serve for the safe removal 
of the testicle. 

While the term castration only refers to the abla- 
tion of the testicle, other means of rendering animals 
sterile are sometimes resorted to. The secreting power 
of the testicles may be destroyed and still leave them 
in situ. These painful methods are employed in coun- 
tries where the production of castration wounds are 
inadvisable because of the possibilities of infection 
resulting in tetanus or other dangerous maladies. The 
destruction of the secreting power of the organs may 
be brought about by a subcutaneous torsion of the tes- 
ticles by digital manipulation — the testicles being 
placed in a position that causes complete obstruction 
of the circulation and resulting in aseptic inflammation 
and eventual atrophy of the glands. 

In animals having a pendent scrotum, the spermatic 
cord may be crushed subcutaneously between the 
edges of pieces of wood or other blunt objects, which 
will ultimately cause atrophy of the testicles and 
sterility; or a ligature applied above the constricted 
portion of the scrotum, situated above the testicles, will 
in about two weeks cause sloughing of the scrotum. 
But such barbarous methods inflict much suffering on 



METHODS OF CASTRATION 



27 



the subject, and while they have been necessary in 
some sections for local reasons, to the scientific and 
humane mind they should be termed obsolete and un- 
worthy of consideration. 

Castration operations may be regarded under tw T o 
general headings with certain modifications, and are 




7— THE "COVERED OPERATION," SHOWING EMASCULA- 
TION OF THE TESTICLE AND ITS INTACT VAGINAL 
COVERINGS 



to be classed as the uncovered operation and the covered 
operation. 

The uncovered operation is the one usually em- 
ployed and is the more practical in the various animals 
when the subjects are in a normal condition. This 
operation consists in the exposure of the testicle proper 
by means of an incision through the scrotum, such 



28 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

incision penetrating the skin, dartos, scrotal fascia, 
and both layers of the vaginal tunic, thereby exposing 
the testicle within its own adherent covering and sub- 
sequent ablation of the gland. 

The covered operation is indicated in cases of scrotal 
or inguinal hernia and is executed by incising the skin 
and dartos and by breaking down the scrotal fascia, 
thus exposing the tunica vaginalis communis, but not 
perforating it. By careful blunt dissection in the proc- 
ess of severing the attachments of the scrotal fascia, 
the operator is enabled to cause protrusion of the 
testicle confined in its own proper covering plus both 
layers of the vaginal tunic, providing for the appli- 
cation of a clamp, or ligature, en masse, before the actual 
ablation of the testicle is effected. 



SECTION IV 

CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 

Normal Colt 

Since there are more colts castrated and restrained 
in recumbency by means of some sort of harness, this 
shall be described as the principal method of restraint. 
After having cast and securely tied the colt on its 
left side (for the right-handed operator), an assistant 
is stationed at its head to prevent the animal doing 
itself injury. The tail is then either held under the 
foot of the operator or secured in some practical man- 
ner to preclude its being thrown over the surgical 
area. 

Preparation of Subject 

The surgical field should first be cleansed of any 
dry dust or particles of filth which may have been 
thrown there during the resisting struggles of the 
animal. Having at hand, in a clean vessel, about a 
gallon of suitable antiseptic solution (a one per cent 
lysol solution, or formalin one-fifth of one per cent), 
the scrotum is then rinsed off thoroughly. 

Operative Procedure 

The castrating knife and emasculator should be in 
readiness. The lowermost testicle is seized between the 
thumb and finger of the left hand of the operator, and 
a bold incision made parallel with the median raphe 
for a distance sufficient to insure the free drainage of 
the wound after the operation has been completed. 

29 



30 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

This incision, skillfully made, reaches through all of 
the scrotal wall down to the testicle, yet should not 
penetrate the testicle proper nor injure the gland. 
Care in this particular not only minimizes the pain 
•of the subject but in the mature animal obviates the 
otherwise inevitable result of hemorrhage. If done 
with care, a moderate degree of traction may be ex- 
erted upon the testicle to cause relaxation of the cr'e- 
master muscle, but undue force used in such cases may 
result in rupture not only to the attachments of the 
cremaster muscle, but to the spermatic vessels as well, 
and this occurring within the abdominal cavity causes 
hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity, with fatal re- 
sults. In some cases the power of contraction of the 
cremaster muscle is so well developed that it resists 
the efforts of the operator to draw out the cord, and 
in such cases it is wise to work slowly, holding the 
cord for a sufficient length of time until muscular re- 
laxation occurs. The use of quick force is to be 
avoided, as said before. The emasculator is then ap- 
plied as close to the scrotum as possible, and the cord 
and the lower part of the vaginal tunic is severed 
there. Hemostasis is not aided by the slow closing of 
the emasculator, and because this deliberation only 
adds to the pain of the operation, it should also be 
avoided. 

Subsequent to emasculation, the scrotal wound may 
be enlarged to prevent the retention of any wound 
secretion or infective disturbances. Another method 
of providing for the free escape of wound secretion 
consists in the making of an incision through the 
scrotal wall beginning at the median portion of the 
margin, carrying the incision away at a right angle 
from the median raphe for a distance of about an 
inch or an inch and a half. 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 



31 



In castrating' the normal equine subject, both the 
scrotal incisions are made before emasculation is be- 
gun. Because of the fact that the hemorrhage from 
the uppermost incision is likely to obscure the sur- 
gical field, in lateral recumbency, it is preferable to 
remove the lowermost testicle first. 

To obviate danger of hydrocele, in the castration of 
mules, there should be removed with the division of 
the cord as much of the vaginal tunics as can con- 




Fig. 8— A MODIFICATION OF THE "COVERED OPERATION" 
The position of the operator's left hand is such that the testicle is grasped 
between thumb and index finger, and the vaginal coverings are held in 
a state of tension, enabling their being grasped within the jaws of the 
emasculator. This operation is particularly indicated in mules. It prac- 
tically precludes the occurrence of hydrocele or "water seed." 



veniently be included within the grasp of the emascu- 
lator. In this way all of the lower portion of the 



32 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

tunica vaginalis is removed, practically precluding the 
occurrence of the undesirable condition known as 
hydrocele or "water seed." 

After-Care 

Where the operation is executed with due regard 
to cleanliness with sterile instruments and the hands 
of the operator uncontaminated, local application of 
any medicament is unnecessary. It is, however, best 
to squeeze out any blood that is retained about the 
emasculated stumps of the spermatic cord. The ani- 
mal should be provided with clean quarters, allowing 
freedom to exercise — preferably turned out to pasture 
and kept away from stables and all barnyard soil. 
Under average conditions no local attention is neces- 
sary and the operation produces but little inconveni- 
ence to the subject. 

Castration of the Normal Mature Stallion 

For various reasons, occasionally it becomes neces- 
sary to castrate the horse after he has fully matured, 
and in some instances the operation is done in the 
aged subject. The factors met with in handling such 
cases that merit special consideration are, the problem 
of practical restraint, the control of hemorrhage and 
after-care. 

Season. — One should, if possible, avoid castrating 
the mature stallion during fly-time and in very hot 
weather. Extremes of temperature have no direct 
effect upon the outcome of the operation, but these 
elements in themselves make for discomfort. An un- 
necessary combination of factors which tend to lower 
vitality should be avoided if possible. 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 33 

Preparation of the Subject. — Food should be with- 
held for 12 hours before operating, and if the subject 
can be given suitable exercise (walking or trotting for 
a few miles) before being castrated, it will stimulate 
bowel evacuation and render the subject more tract* 
able. Sufficient time should be allowed for the sub- 
ject to cool off if the exertion has caused him to become 
heated. 

Restraint and Anesthesia. — When it is possible, these 
subjects should be restrained in the standing position 
since it eliminates the liability to injury from casting. 
Some young stallions of saddle or light harness breeds 
are very nervous, and while manageable as they are 
ordinarily used, are difficult to restrain for standing 
castration, and the manner in which the subject is to 
be handled is a problem that the veterinarian needs to 
decide for himself. In restraining aged animals be- 
cause of the danger of fractures of bones resulting, it 
is best to operate with the animal in the standing posi- 
tion. 

The rectal administration of from one to two and a 
half ounces of chloral hydrate dissolved in two or 
three quarts of tepid water a half hour before operat- 
ing, will serve to produce sufficient stupefaction to 
materially benumb sensation and prevent the animal 
from resisting restraint. One-half grain of atropin 
combined with two grains of morphin and given sub- 
cutaneously about 20 minutes before the rectal admin- 
istration of an ounce of chloral hydrate, constitutes 
a synergistic combination that will positively produce 
a degree of stupefaction which will make possible the 
safe handling of the most nervous animal. The rectal 
contents should be manually removed before introduc- 
ing the solution of choral hydrate. 



34 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

Preparation of the Field of Operation. — The scrotum 
and surrounding parts should be washed with soap 
and water and finally with a two per cent solution of 
Liquor Cresolis Compositus. 

Technic. — The manner in which the operation is 
performed does not differ in any way from that done 
in the colt. The uncovered operation is done and great 
care should be exercised in making incisions through 
the testicular covering that are amply large to favor 
perfect drainage. The scrotal incisions need to be not 
only long, but situated in the most pendent part of 
the scrotum to avoid retention of wound secretions 
after operation. 

In "standing castration" most operators prefer to 
use a knife having a hooked blade, and the incisions 
into the testicular covering are made parallel with the 
median raphe, from before backward, and through all 
covering from the scrotum inward, at one stroke of the 
knife. With a good sharp knife, an experienced oper- 
ator can in this manner complete the incision almost 
painlessly and at the same time make it in a way that 
perfect drainage of wound secretions will follow. 

Any good emasculator will serve to effect sufficient 
hemostasis for a safe operation, but the animal should 
be tied up and observed for a few hours after castra- 
tion. Enforced inactivity for 12 hours after castra- 
tion, if possible, is desirable. Secondary hemorrhage 
in the adult is no more likely to occur than in the 
young colt. 

After-Care. — The recently castrated stallion should 
be kept, on pillar reins when not being exercised, and 
much less infection and swelling will result. He should 
be given suitable exercise daily and exertion should be 
active enough to stimulate complete evacuation of all 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 35 

secretions that are retained in the scrotum. In the 
average case, exercisa is sufficient to prevent extensive 
edematous swelling. 

Because of the fact that more hemorrhage follows 
castration of the mature stallion there is retained con- 
siderable coagulated blood within the scrotum. This 
should be removed 24 hours after castration by gently 
irrigating with a one per cent solution of Liquor 
Cresolis Compositus if the animal is sufficiently tract- 
able to admit of such handling without restraint other 
than the twitch and the holding up of a front foo f . 
If the subject is difficult to manage, one may ordinarily 
trust to evacuation of the contents at* ending exercis". 

Other complications which may result in no wise 
differ from those met with in colts and are considered 
fully in the section en Castration Sequelae. 

Castration of Cryptcrchid Horses 

Etymologically, cryptorchid means "hidden tes- 
ticle," and is applicable to any animal in which one 
or both testicles are located elsewhere than within 
the scrotum. Therefore it is applicable to cases in 
which one or both testicles are located within the ab- 
dominal cavity or, not having completed their nature 
descent through the inguinal canal. Usage, however, 
has restricted the term to animals wherein one or both 
testicles are contained within the abdominal cavity, not 
having passed through the inner abdominal ring and 

entered the inguinal canal. 

The term monorchid is applied to animals having 
but one testicle. In human anatomy and surgery this 
term has been given a different significance, being 
used to designate an individual having one testicle 
in the scrotum and the other in the abdominal cavity. 



36 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

For convenience, cryptorchids may be classified as 
inguinal and abdominal. A varying condition to which 
attention should be called for surgical purposes is 
found in those cases where the epididymis has de- 
scended into the inguinal canal and the inner abdom- 
inal ring has become constricted about its ligament, 
confining the testicle proper within the abdominal 
cavity. This type of cryptorchid or ridgeling is likely 
to confuse the operator if he has not previously en- 
countered such conditions. 

Abdominal Cryptorchidy. — Cryptorchidy is more 
prevalent in some localities than in others. In some 
sections of the United States, about three or four per 
cent of all horse colts are cryptorchids, and in other 
localities a much larger percentage of animals are thus 
affected. The large number of cases found in certain 
localities may be ascribed to the fact that cryptorchid 
stallions are used in. the stud. So markedly hereditary 
is this condition that in many cases 25 per cent or more 
of the colts sired by such animals are similarly affected. 

Most operators have found that where only one tes- 
ticle is retained, it is usually the left. However, in the 
experience of a few others in some localities the per- 
centage of animals having the right testicle retained 
in the abdominal cavity is the greater. 

A cryptorchid horse is a very undesirable animal 
from every standpoint ; is usually vicious, unsatisfac- 
tory and unsafe to handle in the presence of mares, 
and in the majority of instances he cannot be turned 
out with geldings, because of his vicious disposition. 
The condition is diagnosed readily in most cases by 
their abnormally increased sexual desire as compared 
to the gelding or even the normal stallion, even though 
no other manifestation of the condition be apparent. 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 37 

The abnormally retained testicle is usually infertile, 
degenerated, and may be very small and lack develop- 
ment. In other cases the gland is cystic and rarely 
there may be found a larg3 dense teratomatous mass. 
Where history is absent or unreliable, a careful exami- 
nation of this subject is necessary in order to definitely 
diagnose the case. 

The conformation is characteristic because of the 
lack of development of the hind quarters in the adult ; 
a full crest, strong masculine features of the head and 
absence of scrotum, are all indicative of cryptorchid- 
ism, but it is necessary to examine further to deter- 
mine the exact condition, whether one or both testicles 
are retained and whether it is the right or left. One 
cannot be guided in this solely by the presence or ab- 
sence of scars in the scrotal region; neither is the 
absence of a palpable stump of the spermatic cord posi- 
tive proof that the testicle has not been removed, for 
in some cases, where animals are operated while very 
young, there is so much atrophy of the stump of cord 
that it is not discernible by digital manipulation. The 
condition may be diagnosed by rectal palpation but this 
method is not practical in field work. 

Age at Which Operation May be Performed. — The 
best age at which to castrate a cryptorehid is a subject 
on which operators differ. It is certain that a two or 
three-year-old colt is more easily castrated than is a 
yearling. However, the yearling colt that shows no evi- 
dence of testicle within the inguinal canal is not likely 
to manifest any change in this part at a later age and 
should be castrated if healthy, vigorous and not under- 
sized. 

Anatomy. — It is not our purpose in this brief work 
to elaborate upon the regional anatomy of the struc- 



38 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

tures pertaining to the cryptorchid. However, some 
consideration of the inguinal region is in order. In 
the true abdominal cryptorchid there is necessarily a 
complete absence of all evidence of scrotum. The 
structures at this point assume the appearance of an 
inverted funnel, and horses manifesting this condition 
are known by castrators as "blanks." Since no tes- 
ticle has descended into the canal, the pudic vessels 
and nerves are closely invested by areolar tissue, and 
the entire inguinal region in front of the inguinal liga- 
ment is closed. At the site of the inner abdominal 
ring we should consider the anatomy of these animals 
under two general classifications — the one wherein 
there exists a definite area of delicate aponeurotic tis- 
sue surrounded by a heavier muscular margin, this be- 
ing a portion of the aponeurotic part of the inner 
oblique abdominal muscle; the other class of subjects 
are those wherein at the site of the inner ring there 
is to be found a broad expanse of very thin aponeu- 
rotic tissue with no definite heavy surrounding margin. 
In the abdominal cryptorchid, the testicle is floating 
free in the abdominal cavi+y, contained within its 
mesorchial covering anchored by the mesorchium in 
the sub-lumbar region and further attached by means 
of the gubernaculum testes — a muscular structure at- 
tached to the postero-external part of the upper por- 
tion of the inguinal canal. Additional attachment is 
supplied the floating testicle by means of the vas def- 
erens, which is continued from the testicle within its 
peritoneal coverings through the plica urogenitalis to 
the region of the neck of the bladder. Consequently, 
in seeking the floating testicle, if the free appendage 
— the testicle or the epididymis — is not readily located, 
cither the gubernaculum testes situated at the postero- 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 39 

external part of the site of the inner abdominal ring or 
the vas deferens located directly opposite may be 
sought and the testicle and cord drawn into the in- 
guinal canal. 

Preparation of the Subject. — Unless the cryptorchid 
horse is mature and the alimentary tract well filled, 
no preoperative dieting is necessary. However, as in 
all other major operations, it is best to withhold food 
for twenty-four hours when circumstances permit. 
The matter of gaunting an animal for this operation 
is one which merits considerable attention in that sub- 
jects that are "fully made" and well "ribbed up" or 
short coupled and carrying considerable fat arc not 
likely to be rendered gaunt by even thirty-six hours' 
fasting. Such subjects should be put on a light diet of 
concentrates including a little bran, and in the course 
of three or four days of such dietetic preparation, the 
intestinal content will be materially lessened. 

Restraint. — There is no operation done by the vet- 
erinary surgeon where restraint is a more important 
feature. The cryptorchid should be cast and very se- 
curely tied in a position causing him to keep the hocks 
well flexed and abducted. This is done with the ordi- 
nary casting harness by having the back strap set well 
back and by winding the side lines over the gastroc- 
nemii and about the feet in the form of a figure eight. 
Where the side lines are crossed over the back of the 
subject completing the tie of the left leg with the 
right side line and the right leg with the left side line, 
perfect flexion and abduction may be brought about. 
[f the animal is not securely restrained with the hocks 
well flexed and the thighs well abducted — unless he i* 
under profound anesthesia, any considerable resistance 
on his part will serve to cramp the hand of the oper- 



40 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 



ator by compressing the inguinal region with the 
thighs and abdominal muscles. There is nothing which 
is likely to cause more difficulty during the process of 
the operation than incomplete restraint. 




Fig. 9— RESTRAINT FOR CRYPTORCHID CASTRATION 

Attention is called to the manner in which the hind legs are flexed, be- 
cause immobilization of the hind legs in the position as shown here is a 
very important part of the procedure of cryptorchid castration. The 
subject in this particular cut, however, has been restrained for removal 
of a scirrhus cord. 



Anesthesia. — Cryptorchid castration is a major sur- 
gical operation, yet where it is skillfully performed 
and where no unusual conditions are encountered ne- 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 41 

cessitatiiig delay in its execution, animals manifest 
very little symptom of shock as a result, even where 
no anesthesia is used. However, it is well to admin- 
ister, per rectum, from lV-> to 2 1 / 2 ounces of chloral 
hydrate dissolved in about two quarts of water twenty 
minutes before casting the animal. The contents of 
the rectum should be removed manually by a trained 
assistant before the solution is introduced in order to 
get prompt absorption and a good effect. 

Surgical Technic. — The field of operation is pre- 
pared by first washing thoroughly w r ith soap and 
water, then drying and painting with tincture of iodin. 
Care should be taken that loose hairs and particles of 
dirt or filth are not dropped on the scrotal region. 

The animal should be confined in lateral recumbency 
with the uppermost hock well abducted by an assist- 
ant. The skin incision should be made either parallel 
with the median raphe 01 over the external inguinal 
ring and should be of sufficient length to comfortably 
allow for the introduction of the hand of the operator. 
Care should be exercised in incising the skin since the 
external pudic veins if wounded will cause sufficient 
hemorrhage to obscure the field and inconvenience the 
operator. 

After having incised the skin and dartos, the hand 
with the fingers in the shape of a cone is inserted into 
the inguinal canal beginning at the region of the ex- 
ternal ring and pushing into the tissues in the direc- 
tion of the external angle of the ilium, keeping well 
back against the inguinal ligament, as there is no dan- 
ger of making this opening too far posterior. This 
opening of the canal is continued up to the region of 
the inner ring. Different operators observe different 
guides in this part of the woi-k. The throbbing of the 



42 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

femoral artery in the region of the inner ring" is used 
as a guide by some ; others seek the ilio-pectineal emi- 
nence. During the process of opening the canal, one 
should carefully palpate the structures to determine 
whether or not the testicle or the epididymis has de- 
scended into the canal and become lodged therein. 
Dilatation of the margins of the wound will make pos- 
sible a visual examination, and the depths of the struc- 
tures may be further explored by careful palpation. 
Having made sure that the testicle has not begun its 
descent, the region of the inner abdominal ring is care- 
fully explored, and here there is need for a modifica- 
tion in the technic in different eases as heretofore 
classified. 

In the subject where the inner abdominal ring is 
outlined by a muscular margin having for its central 
portion the aponeurotic part of the inner oblique mus- 
cle and where the surrounding area is firm, rather 
heavy and unyielding — muscular fibres of the trans- 
versalis abdominalis and inner oblique muscles, it is 
well to immediately perforate this thin area at the site 
of the inner ring with the finger. After having per- 
forated the peritoneum, the finger is immediately 
turned so as to contact the parietal peritoneum, avoid- 
ing the possibility of its becoming invested with float- 
ing omentum. If the testicle, epididymis or any por- 
tion of the cord is not soon contacted, the operator, by 
wiping with the finger in the direction of the attach- 
ment of the gubernaculum testes, seeks this fold and 
begins to draw upon said structure, bringing the cord 
within his grasp, whereupon it may be pulled into the 
inguinal canal, bringing with it the testicle. Some 
operators prefer to turn the finger toward the plica 
uro-genitalis and in a similar manner bring the cord 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 43 

within the grasp of the finger, effecting the same 
result. 

In the second class of cases there is found a broad 
expanse of thin aponeurotic tissue in the region of the 
inner ring. This expanse of tissue is as large as the 
palm of the hand in most cases and in such subjects 
it is well to seek some portion of the testicle, 
epididymis or cord, recognizing the structures by the 
sense of touch before perforating the peritoneum. This 
is usually possible in this class of cases, and the oper- 
ator by expanding the thumb, index and second finger 
in the form of the base of a tripod, in this region can 
make provision for the testicle or epididymis being 
crowded against and within his grasp by intra-abdom- 
inal pressure. Having secured in this manner the tes- 
ticle or epididymis, the aponeurotic tissues are drawn 
gently downward, and by careful traction the peri- 
toneum is drawn into the canal for a varying distance 
in different subjects. In some cases it is possible to 
draw down this artificially formed processus vaginalis 
half the way to the external abdominal ring. This 
having been done, the peritoneum is usually ruptured 
with the finger and the testicle is readily drawn out 
and the operation performed with a minimum degree 
of contamination of the peritoneal structures. Credit 
is due Professor W. L. Williams for a good descrip- 
tion of this technic. 

In the third class of cases, the operator finds in the 
region of the abdominal ring that the epididymis has 
descended into the inguinal canal and that the testicle 
is confined within the peritoneal cavity. In such cases 
the tail of the epididymis forming an obtuse end is 
readily recognized. In all cases there is sufficient con- 
striction and organization of the inner abdominal ring 1 



44 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

to prevent the testicle being forcibly drawn clown 
through the ring with any degree of safety. This 
condition necessitates perforation of the abdominal 
wall at a point higher than the inner abdominal ring, 
perforating the peritoneum, securing the testicle and 
drawing it out of the artificial opening at a point situ- 
ated supero-posterior to the inner ring. In this man- 
ner the epididymis is drawn back into the peritoneal 
cavity and is drawn out, following the testicle. After 
having secured the testicle where the cord will per- 
mit of its being brought to the surface, it is readily 
amputated with the emasculator. In some cases the 
spermatic cord is very short, necessitating the re- 
moval of the testicle within the inguinal canal, and 
this is best accomplished with an ecraseur. 

In a class of cases wherein degenerated testicles, 
cystic, hypertrophic or teratomatous are occasionally 
encountered, there is need for a departure from the 
technic usually employed in other cases. Cystic tes- 
ticles, if large, may be secured by means of traction 
on the spermatic cord and the fluid content aspirated 
with trochar and cannula. 

In cases where the retained testicle is hypertrophic, 
dense and not too large, the operator can with lubri- 
cated hand introduced per rectum, crowd the testicle 
at the same time that traction is exerted on the cord 
and in this manner effect its removal from the abdom- 
inal cavity. 

Where the abnormal testicle is of very large size, 
making it unsafe to attempt removal by the inguinal 
route, a laparotomy is necessary. This operation 
should not be done, however, until the inguinal wound 
has healed. 

The technic is executed with the subject under com- 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 45 

plete anesthesia. The region of the upper flank is 
cleansed, shaved and painted with tincture of iodin. 
An incision through the skin and fascia is made just 
anterior to the external angle of the ilium, sufficiently 
large to admit the hand. The muscular structures 
and peritoneum are perforated by blunt dissection as 
in cattle-spaying and the testicle likewise is similarly 
sought. The testicle is brought to the surface of the 
abdominal wound if possible or if this is not possible 
ablation of the abnormal structure may be effected 
within the cavity of the abdomen. The skin and fas- 
cial incision is closed with a continuous suture of silk, 
the wound sealed and no after-care is necessary ex- 
cept to remove the sutures in about a week. Where 
strict asepsis is observed there is little danger of bad 
result from this operation. 

After ablation of the testicle has been effected by 
the inguinal route, the cavity may be packed with 
sterile gauze which is left in position for twenty-four 
hours and then removed. However, in the majority 
of cases no packing of any sort is necessary, and ani- 
mals are exercised regularly as though they had been 
normal subjects castrated in the usual manner. 

Where both testicles are retained within the abdom- 
inal cavity, the animal is kept in recumbency, turned 
over and the operation is repeated, both testicles being 
removed before the animal is allowed to rise. 

After-Care 

After-care in delicate animals consists in keeping 
them in clean quarters and giving them regular exer- 
cise, thus favoring the escape of all wound secretions 
and minimizing dangers of contamination by pent up 
discharges with subsequent troublesome infections. 



46 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

Young' colts that have been 'running on pasture arc 
best turned out immediately and given freedom to 
exercise at will. If by accident a large rent is pro- 
duced in the abdominal wall making protrusion of 
portions of intestine possible, the inguinal canal should 
be packed. For this purpose, a liberal packing of cot- 
ton wrapped in sterile gauze or muslin should be 
pushed into the canal as far as the inner ring and 
confined by means of sutures which join the marginal 
scrotal wounds. To prevent possible eventration, ani- 
mals so treated should be confined on pillar reins for 
about thirty-six hours before the gauze is removed 
and given exercise in the harness or at the lead and 
not given liberty to lie down for at least five or six 
days. 

Inguinal Cryptorchids (High Flankers) 

Subjects affected with inguinal cryptorchidy are not 
as troublesome and undesirable as are abdominal cryptor- 
chids, but they are more so than normal stallions. 
Cryptorchids are undesirable for breeders even when 
fertile, therefore castration is always in order. 

Restraint. — Animals are cast and tied exactly as are 
the abdominal cryptorchids; see description on pages 
39 and 40. 

Technic. — Because of the fact that in inguinal 
cryptorchids the eremaster muscle has the power of re- 
tracting the testicle and drawing it high up in the canal, 
this type of cryptorchids is in some instances as difficult 
to castrate as the true abdominal ridgeling. The tech- 
nic for handling these cases is executed in the same 
manner as is done in the castration of the abdominal 
cryptorchid up to the point of perforating the abdom- 
inal wall. The testicle is readily located within its 
vaginal covering in the canal, and the tunics are pref- 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 47 

erably incised with the hooked blade castrating knife. 
As soon as the small incision is made into and through 
the vaginal tunics, some portion of the testicle may 
be squeezed out through the opening, and amputation 
of the gland is then readily accomplished. The small 
opening thus made into the vaginal tunics is easily 
enlarged after the testicle has been amputated, which 
is necessary. 

After-Care. — These cases require no more after-care 
than is given to the "straight" colt at the time of 
castration, and the type calls for no special consider- 
ation except for the purpose of classifying them as a 
distinct and separate class of cryptorchids. In these 
cases the testicle has descended into the canal, the 
processus vaginalis has been pushed downward and 
the vaginal tunics formed in such manner as to make 
them differ from the true abdominal ridgeling. In 
such abnormal cases of course, no scrotal pouch has 
formed, but in most instances the testicle is readily 
felt by palpation of the inguinal region. There are 
occasional cases, however, where it is impossible to 
locate the testicle in this manner. 

Herniae 

To be considered under this heading are hernia 1 , in- 
guinal and scrotal, of foals — a condition due to a loose 
and lax state of the inner abdominal ring permitting 
the descent into the inguinal canal of a loop of intes- 
tine, which may descend as far as the scrotum. In the 
typical case of inguinal and scrotal herniae as seen in 
foals the loop of intestine is confined within the tunica 
vaginalis communis and on the outside of the tunica 
vaginalis propria. Strictly speaking, it is a condition 
wherein the loop of intestine has taken its way along- 



48 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

side the testicle and inner vaginal tunic, and the tes- 
ticle only is contained within its mesorchial covering — 
the tunica vaginalis propria. This is most common in 
foals at or soon after birth, and in the majority of 
cases causes no particular inconvenience • they are not 
likely to become strangulated, and in most subjects, 
spontaneous recovery is the result before the colt 
reaches the age of six months. As a general rule T 
operation for the relief of the condition in foals of a 
few weeks of age is quite unnecessary, as complete re- 
covery so generally follows in the course of sixty days. 
It is well, however, to inform the client of the possi- 
bility of hernia at the time of castration, even though 
the colt is not altered until he is a year old and re- 
covery has apparently existed for a few months. 

Where it is thought necessary to operate to correct 
the condition, the covered operation for castration is 
indicated and should be performed as described in the 
technic of this operation on page 28. 

Sequelae 

Accidents from Restraint. — In the handling of ani- 
mals for castration, particularly where they are cast 
and tied, even with the employment of great care and 
skill, injuries such as serious fractures, contusions, 
strains and bruises may sometimes occur through the 
resisting struggles of the subject. Fracture of some 
part of the vertebral column is a fatal accident that 
is especially liable to occur where aged animals are cast, 
or where the subject is over-rebellious against confine- 
ment. Symptoms of this injury differ, depending upon 
the site of the fracture. In the majority of instances, 
such fractures occur in the dorsal region and a para- 
plegia results. The animal remains prostrate, unable 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 49 

to raise the hind parts or regain its feet. If a thorough 
examination shows positively that such a break exists, 
the case should be pronounced hopeless and the sub- 
ject destroyed at once. 

Fractures of tuberosities or of long- bones may hap- 
pen likewise, and are to be treated as fractures re- 
sulting from other causes ; that is, if it is the kind 
likely to yield to treatment. The animal is properly 
confined in slings and partial or complete immobiliza- 
tion effected according to the best methods usually 
employed. 

Animals resisting confinement sometimes suffer from 
strains, rope burns, or contusions. While such condi- 
tions are not common, where subjects are carefully 
handled, the client should be informed of the remote 
possibility so that the veterinarian may not be held 
responsible for the occurrence of such accidents. 

Occasionally if an animal is kept confined for an 
undue length of time in recumbency, atrophy of the 
longissimus dorsi muscles occurs within ten days or two 
weeks after the animal has been so confined. Such 
cases are treated along the same general lines as atro- 
phies resulting from other causes, and prompt and 
complete recovery usually follows. 

Hemorrhage. — Hemorrhage following castration hap- 
pens more frequently in some animals than in others, 
but for this purpose they may be considered in two 
classes, — primary hemorrhage and secondary hemor- 
rhage. Primary hemorrhage is seldom of any serious 
consequence except in cases where faulty instruments 
are employed in foals, not effecting complete macera- 
tion of the cord and causing spermatic hemorrhage. 
These cases are readily recognized, as the blood from 
the spermatic artery spurts with each pulsation and 



50 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

requires immediate treatment. Because of the fact that 
retraction of the cord takes place to a marked degree 
within the vaginal sheath containing it, it is not easy 
to ligature the cord after it has been closely amputa- 
ted. Having at hand two pairs of hemostatic forceps, 
the operator may seize the end of the cord with one 
forcep, drawing out the tissues as far as possible, and 
then by seizing the cord again with the other forcep, 
the bleeding stump is brought to view. After securely 
clamping the forceps over this stump, a ligature may 
be applied; a good stout needle with silk thread is 
passed through the cord above the forcep and the liga- 
ture is fastened tightly after having been wrapped 
around the stump. No further treatment is necessary 
although it is best to remove the ligature in about ten 
days. 

In some cases, because of the cramped position of 
the animal cas'.rated while recumbent, there occurs 
some little venous hemorrhage; this, as a rule, how- 
ever, subsides as soon as the animal regains its feet. 
Should this condition persist to a great degree, the 
scrotum may be packed with sterile gauze or muslin 
and the packing confined in situ by means of scrotal 
sutures, to be removed in twenty-four hours. As a 
rule primary hemorrhage from castration properly 
performed, is of no consequence, and spontaneous ces- 
sation of the hemorrhage is the rule, within the course 
of a few minutes, therefore these cases should not 
alarm the operator. 

Secondary hemorrhage from this operation is a con- 
dition which is probably due to a state wherein the 
blood does not normally coagulate, — a condition found 
perhaps more often in the spring of the year in ani- 
mals that are not thrifty. Such hemorrhage is not 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 51 

noticeable for several hours after the operation has 
been performed, but if within twelve to twenty-four 
hours after a colt has been castrated, a steady loss of 
blood from the spermatic vessel is evidenced, the case 
should receive prompt and drastic attention, as these 
hemorrhages may continue for a few hours, yet they 
have been known to persist for days, rendering" the 
animal anemic and weak, and causing death in some 
instances. If much blood has been lost, the animal 
should be cast and the stump of the cord securely 
ligatured as described for primary hemorrhage. 

Shock. — In some eases the attendant fear and un- 
natural interference of a surgical operation bring 
about a distraught condition of the nervous system, 
known as surgical shock, this state being characterized 
by manifestations of pain, muscular tremors, labored 
breathing, more or less sweating and acceleration of 
the pulse, which in the later stage becomes somewhat 
feeble. Animals so affected exhibit these symptoms to 
a greater or less degree, and the result may be either 
a slight or serious disturbance of bodily functions 
causing discomfort or it may result in death according 
to the organism of the subject. 

Colic. — This disturbance is sometimes manifested af- 
ter the castration operation. It is more likely to affect 
animals of a nervous temperament, and is the conse- 
quence of the excitement and resistance incident to 
being restrained. The symptoms and treatment of 
such cases do not differ from those of colic produced 
by other causes. It is well to take the anticipative 
measure of withholding food for at least twelve hours 
before operating on these highly strung, nervous ani- 
mals, as colic may be attended by fermentation and 
serious trouble follow. 



52 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

Hernia. — In some rare instances where animals re- 
sist confinement very violently, and where there exists 
a very loose and large inguinal ring, a loop of the 
intestine may be pushed out through the inguinal 
canal, and hernia or even eventration result. In these 
cases, the condition demands prompt handling; the 
protruding intestine should be supported by a sling 
of canvas or other suitable fabric, the subject confined 
in dorsal recumbency, and the hernia reduced. Re- 
duction by taxis is possible with the subject under 
complete anesthesia. The cavity should be carefully 
packed with cotton wrapped in sterile gauze and this 
packing confined by strong sutures which join the edges 
of the scrotal incision. If this can be accomplished 
before damage is done the protruding viscera, there 
is some hope of recovery, but the animal should he 
kept quiet and in the standing position for several 
days. The subject should be only moderately exercised 
and not given freedom for two or three weeks. 

Swelling" of the Scrotal Region and Scrotal Ab- 
scess. — Swelling of the scrotum and sheath following 
this operation is not uncommon and in many instances 
is not to be ascribed to faulty technic nor lack of 
proper after-care. When vitality is at low ebb in colts 
that have been wintered badly and castrated in the 
early spring, the circulation is enfeebled and they are 
quite prone to exhibit this condition after the opera- 
tion. In some instances the retention of large quan- 
tities of smegma within the sheath causes the external 
prepuce to become greatly swollen, this swelling later 
extending in all directions and a marked edematous 
condition of the lower abdominal walls may continue 
for a week or two. In other cases, because of slight 
swelling which follows the operation, coaptation of 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 53 

the marginal wounds of the scrotum takes place and 
the retained coagulated blood subsequently becomes 
infected and is naturally followed by considerable 
swelling. Exercise tends in all cases to minimize post- 
operative swelling. In the case of the enfeebled ani- 
mal manifesting much swelling, it is advisable to ad- 
minister stimulants and scarification of the pendent 
edematous swollen parts should be done, and where 
the swelling involves the scrotum proper, the wounds 
should be reopened, this being readily done with the 
thumb and index finger. A layman may be instructed 
to do this with safety, if he is cautioned to introduce 
the previously cleansed fingers into the wounds, and 
by means of a bold thrust tear asunder the newly 
formed adhesions, thus permitting the escape of the 
pent-up secretions and coagulated blood. Following 
such manipulation, the subject should be exercised in 
moderation even though force must be used to make 
it do so. Nutritive and laxative diet and good hy- 
gienic care are necessary. Subjects so affected are 
best kept at pasture and away from lots and stables. 

Scrotal Fistula.— Where the draining of a scrotal 
abscess is neglected, the condition results in invasion 
of the' tissue juxtaposed. Fistulous tracts are usually 
found coursing along the sides of the sheath parallel 
with the median raphe. Where these conditions are 
neglected, chronic inflammation results with hypertro- 
phy and the formation of considerable cicatricial tis- 
sue and permanent enlargement of the sheath. Such 
cases should be treated surgically by making suitable 
drainages and removing with the curette or other 
appropriate instrument, all detritus, and injecting the 
parts with tincture of iodin. After-care consists in 



54 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

allowing the animal sufficient exercise to prevent too 
early closure of drainage openings. 

Post-Operative Peritonitis. — This condition is a se- 
quel of the generalization of local infection and is 
more likely to occur in depleted animals that have 
been improperly castrated or in animals that have been 
infected at the time of castration through the use of 
septic instruments or careless manipulations. Like- 
wise the transmission of streptococcic organisms and 
their introduction while castrating, are very likely to 
result in fatal peritonitis; however, peritonitis thus 
developed is not always fatal. It is manifested by 
symptoms of lethargy, inappetence, stiffness, rise in 
temperature of from two to five degrees above nor- 
mal, acceleration of the circulation and a tucked up 
appearance at the flank. The subjects are not inclined 
to move about much, but remain standing generally, 
becoming restless in the later stages, and lying down, 
rolling about and getting up again by turns. Locally 
there is found issuing from the inguinal region, a sero- 
sanious fluid, and animals exhibiting this affection 
should be given prompt local treatment to establish 
drainage. Laxatives, together with stimulants, should 
be administered, and the appetite tempted with any 
good, wholesome food. 

Scirrhus Cord. — This enlargement is developed by 
infection involving the spermatic cord either because 
of its becoming impinged between the scrotal wound 
margins and remaining thus exposed for a sufficient 
length of time to allow contamination, or it may be 
a sequel of scrotal abscess. In some cases it is said 
to be caused by botrymycotic invasion. The condition 
is essentially chronic and is characterized by an indu- 
rated necrotic enlargement of the spermatic cord in- 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 55 

volving the tissues adjacent. Animals so afflicted may 
manifest little uneasiness or discomfort except at cer- 
tain periods when the affected parts become greatly 
swollen, causing local soreness, pain, and some lame- 
ness. The necrotic process results in the formation 
of more or less pus which eventually makes its own 
outlet. The secretions are discharged and in the course 
of a few weeks the wound closes and the process recurs 
again in the same course of time. This slowly de- 
structive affection may cause the tissues involved to 
assume proportions quite large, and is painful and in- 
convenient for the animal. The condition is distin- 
guished from hydrocele and hernia by its dense and 
hypertrophic character which involves the surround- 
ing tissue as well. 

Treatment. — The subject is cast and confined as for 
cryptorchid castration, and a rectal administration of 
l'V 2 or 2 ounces of chloral hydrate dissolved in a quart 
of tepid water twenty minutes before operating, is 
suggested. The surgical field is cleansed as for castra- 
tion ; the cicatricial pendent portion of the scrotum 
is secured with vulsellum forceps and an elliptical in- 
cision is then made including the tissues thus grasped. 
By dissecting around the pear-shaped mass, the ne- 
crotic structures are separated from the tissues ad- 
herent, taking care not to include too much healthy 
tissue. Thus the mass is carefully separated up to a 
point where the cord is in a healthy state, and ampu- 
tation of the mass with the ecraseur is effected. In 
the average case, it is found that the cord is diseased 
within the inguinal canal only and it is exceedingly 
rare that the involvement extends as high as the inner 
abdominal ring. However, there are recorded cases 
where the cord has been affected into the abdominal 



56 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

cavity and such cases are, of course, inoperable, since 
it is not ordinarily reasonable to attempt to amputate 
the cord at a point higher than the inner abdominal 
ring. 

Hemorrhage is controlled during the operation by 
means of forceps if any very large vessels are encoun- 
tered. In this operation, however, there is generally 
much oozing of blood and the dissection is usually done 
rapidly, consuming as little time as possible. The cav- 
ity is snugly packed with sterile gauze to be held in 
position by suturing, and this will control the possi- 
bility of hemorrhage during the twenty-four hours it 
is to be left in the cavity. 

After-Care. — After attention consists in allowing 
moderate exercise and applying locally if conditions 
require, a dry dressing powder by means of an insuf- 
flator. In botryomycotic infections, potassium iodid 
is of value. 

Hydrocele. — Hydrocele, commonly known as " water 
seed," is an affection frequently found in males where 
a portion of the tunica vaginalis becomes involved in 
such a manner that a cyst-like enlargement results. 
It is more often seen in mules. The operator should 
remember that this condition is generally the sequel 
of an imperfectly performed castration where the tu- 
nica vaginalis has not been freely opened, or where 
the lowermost portion of the tunic was not amputated 
at the same time the cord was divided. 

Symptoms. — Symptoms of hydrocele are the exist- 
ence of a fluctuating enlargement occupying the posi- 
tion of the testicle, — this to be distinguished from her- 
nia in that it is irreducible and somewhat more dense, 
— and also there is a marked constriction and presence 
of dense tissues at the point of attachment at the 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE 57 

stump of the cord which is detected by palpation and 
which is not found in hernia. 

Treatment. — Subjects so affected should be cast and 
tied and the area of operation prepared as for castra- 
tion. An elliptical incision is then made in the scro- 
tum, to include the castration scar. By careful dissec- 
tion the cyst-like enlargement is separated from the 
tissues without cutting through its wall, up to a point 
where it is attached to the cord, and ablation is then 
effected by means of the emasculator or ecraseur. This 
operation is a very simple one if the wall of the cyst 
is not perforated, and when this enlargement has been 
removed completely, with the amputation of the cord 
at or above the site oi' adhesion of the vaginal tunics, 
recurrence of this affection is not possible. 



SECTION V 

CASTRATION OF THE BOS 

The scrotum of the bull is located more anteriorly 
than is that of the horse, and is more pendent, having 
the long axis of the testicles vertically situated. The 
cremaster muscle is large and well developed. The 
spermatic cord is very long, and after the attachment 
of the cremaster mucle has been severed, the cord will 
allow of the testicle being drawn well out from the 
scrotum. In no other consequential way does the anat- 
omy of the structures directly concerned in castration 
of the bull differ from that of the horse. 

Males of the bovine species should be castrated at 
a very early age to obtain the best results, but since 
this is not always convenient, castration is often de- 
ferred until the animals reach the age of six or eight 
months. Therefore, subjects under this heading shall 
be considered with respect to their varying ages. Ani- 
mals four months of age or older are preferably han- 
dled in the standing position as it recpures less time 
in that manner and is more convenient and practical 
than wdien the subject is confined in recumbency. 

Castration of Young Calves. — When possible, the 
male calves should be castrated while very young, — 
as they are easily handled even when only two or 
three days old, are but slightly inconvenienced and 
apparently suffer no shock from the operation. These 
subjects should be restrained in recumbency, for, as 
a rule, they are not particularly resistive and may be 
easily held by an assistant. In most young subjects 
the scrotum is covered with hair and the testicles are 

59 



60 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 




CASTRATION OF THE BOS 61 

so very small and undeveloped that it is somewhat 
difficult to secure the testicle for the purpose of incis- 
ing the scrotum. To follow a very practical and con- 
venient method of castration, have in readiness an 
operating- knife with a pointed blade, then by seizing 
the fundus of the scrotum with the thumb and finger, 
the instrument may be thrust through the scrotum at 




Fig. 11— CASTRATING THE YOUNG CALF 
Showing manner in which the scrotal incision is made; also a practical 
method of restraint. 

right angles with the median raphe. The location of 
this puncture is sufficiently remote from the bottom 
of the scrotum to insure an amply large and free open- 
ing of both sides of the pouch by carrying the incision 
through the tissues and simultaneously opening both 
halves of the scrotum. An incision is then made in 
the vaginal tunics, this being done by seizing the tes- 
ticles which remain encapsulated within their serous 



62 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 



coverings, and the operation is completed by exerting 
a moderate degree of traction on the exposed testicle, 
and dividing the cord by scraping with the knife. 
With the employment of this technic the operation 
is quickly and almost painlessly accomplished, hemor- 
rhage is avoided, perfect drainage is provided for and 




Fig. 12— RESTRAINT OF CALF IN STANDING POSITION FOR 

CASTRATION 
The subject is securely tied by means of a lariat or halter, and an assist- 
ant further restrains it by holding the tail. The operator is shown in 
the act of removing the end of the scrotum by means of a transverse 
incision. 



the scrotal pouch is left nearly intact. All details 
being carefully observed, the subject requires no after- 
care. 

Castration of Calves. — Under this heading, animals 
of two months of age or older shall be taken into con- 



CASTRATION OF THE BOS 63 

sideration. Such subjects when healthy and vigorous 
are more easily castrated in the standing position, be- 
ing confined in a stanchion and held against the side 
of the partition by an assistant, or, after catching the 
animal by the head with a lariat rope, snubbing it to 
a post, and having the assistant grasp the subject by 
the tail, holding the hind parts firmly against a fence 
or partition. 




Fig. 13— SHOWING POSITION OF OPERATOR, ALSO LINES OF 

INCISION PARALLEL TO THE MEDIAN RAPHE OF THE 

SCROTUM INDICATING LOCATION OF INCISIONS 

Unless the scrotal region is badly soiled, no partic- 
ular cleansing of the parts is necessary. The operator 
takes his position behind the animal, seizing the scro- 
tum in such manner that a vertical incision may be 
made on the lateral sides of the scrotum, exposing the 
testicles with one stroke of the knife. All tissues 
should be divided from without, within, — that is, from 



64 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

the outside inwardly, — including the vaginal tunics 
as indicated in the uncovered operation. The attach- 
ment of the cremaster muscle is then severed, and with 
moderate traction upon the cord, the testicle is drawn 
downward as much as the structures will permit with- 
out danger of fibrillary laceration. The cord may read- 
ily be amputated by means of an emasculator. 

Some operators prefer to remove the fundus of the 
scrotum and in this manner expose both halves of the 
pouch ; this procedure is followed by grasping the fore- 
most portion of the skin and dartos whereupon the 
subject, by means of contraction of the cremaster mus- 
cle, usually elevates the testicle to such a degree that 
as much as one-third of the scrotal pouch may be 
divided by one bold incision directed at right angles 
with the median raphe. This method provides for clear 
drainage, but because of the incidental sacrifice of a 
large portion of the scrotal pouch, steers are deprived 
of what is termed the "purse" or "cod," — an unde- 
sirable condition in the fatted animal, according to 
many fanciers. For the completion of this method of 
castration, the operator follows the procedure that has 
just been outlined in the preceding paragraphs under 
this same heading. 

After-Car e. — The only after-attention to be consid- 
ered is the provision of clean quarters for the subject, 
unless the operation is performed at a time when flies 
are prevalent, when trouble is likely to arise from that 
source. The animals are best turned out to pasture if 
the weather is not cold. 

Castration of Mature Bulls. — Mature subjects of this 
species are prone to suffer considerable hemorrhage 
following any ordinary operation for castration unless 
ligatures are employed. These animals are handled 



CASTRATION" OF THE BOS 



65 



best in the standing position, confined in a stanchion 
or simply tied with a halter, and as a rule, no special 
precaution is taken for the safety of the operator. It 
is possible to employ a rope which is passed around 
the body of the animal in the region of the flanks, and 
drawn quite snugly for the purpose of subduing the 
patient to some extent should it be necessary; in that 
it prevents the animal from kicking, it is a wise pre- 




Fig. 14— RUEFF'S METHOD OF CASTING 
This mode of casting is very practicable with most subjects that are not 
too large and strong. 



cautionary measure. In the case of vicious subjects, 
they may be cast with English hopples to enable the 
operator to do his work conveniently and without dan- 
ger. 

When bulls are confined in the standing position, 
the surgeon takes his place behind the animal, and 
scrotal incisions are made as described in the opera- 
tive technic for younger animals. Likewise the 



66 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

lower attachment of the cremaster muscle is severed 
and the testicle drawn downward by means of mod- 
erate traction. The exercising of "unlimited" torsion 
by rotating the testicle on its long axis fifteen or 
twenty revolutions before applying the emasculator, 
will serve to further prevent the possibility of serious 
hemorrhage. Some operators prefer ssvering the cord 
by employing traction and "unlimited" torsion until 
the structures are almost completely divided, cutting 
only the more dense remaining structures, and in this 
manner preventing severe hemorrhage. It is also pos- 
sible to divide the cord by exercising "limited" tor- 
sion, employing for the purpose a heavy compression 
forcep which is clamped upon the spermatic cord as 
close to the inguinal canal as it can be placed. By 
means of this forcep, torsion is restricted to such point 
.on the cord as is confined within the grasp of the for- 
cep, and by twisting the testicle and rotating the cord 
on its long axis, the structures are simply ruptured by 
twisting, — the forcep serving as a restricting agent, 
thereby limiting the extent of torsion. 

After-Care. — Immediately after being castrated, the 
subject should be kept in clean quarters and allowed 
room for sufficient exercise to insure the escape of 
wound secretions and to minimize post-operative swell- 
ing. In fly-time it becomes necessary to apply certain 
repellent agents such as carbolized oleum picis. To 
promote the welfare of the subject it should be given 
a laxative diet. 

Cryptorchid Bulls 

Cryptorchid bulls are either interstitial or abdom- 
inal, — the latter being those cases in which the testicle 
may be found floating within the abdominal cavity. 



CASTRATION OF THE BOS 67 

Interstitial cryptorchids arc those where the testicle 
is concealed in the subcuticular abdominal structures 
lateral to the external prepuce. To establish classifi- 
cation wherever possible, it is well in all cases of crypt- 
orchidy to carefully examine the region of the animal's 
flank for the likely location of the testicle in this 

vicinity. 

Preoperative Preparation of the Subject.— Food 

should be withheld for a period of twenty-four hours, 
and administration of a pound of magnesium sulphate 
twenty-four hours before operating, is in order. 

Restraint.— For this operation animals are prefer- 
ably confined in the standing position, being restrained 
in a suitable stanchion or crowded alongside a wall or 
partition, by means of a stout pole. Thirty minutes 
before operating, the subject should be given a drench 
of from one to two ounces of chloral hydrate dissolved 
in one or two quarts of tepid water. 

Technic— The flank region anterior to the exter- 
nal iliac spine should be freed of all hair by clipping, 
and the field properly cleansed with a mild antiseptic 
solution. An incision is then made as for spaying, 
between the anterior angle of the ilium and the last 

rib, this incision being directed downward through 

the skin and fascia,— and by blunt dissection the ab- 
dominal muscles may be separated, the operator forcing 
his hand through the abdominal wall into the perito- 
neal cavity. Exploration is then made of the pelvic 
portion of the cavity, as in spaying, and as a conven- 
ient guide, it is well to note the shaft of the ilium. 
The operator then seizes the urogenital fold, and the 
eord is readily and quickly traced from this point, the 
testicle is brought to the surface and removed with the 
emasculator or spaying scissors. The skin and fascia 



68 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

wound is closed by means of a continuous suture and 
the wound margins smeared with pine tar. No after- 
care is necessary but if convenient, it is well to re- 
move the sutures in about a week. 

Interstitial Cryptorchidy. — In cases of this type the 
testicle is often found concealed in the lower abdom- 
inal wall, usually covered by the skin and fascia, and 
located in the region of the flank or alongside the 
sheath. The testicle may readily be recognized by its 
firm contour, and is secured by incising the skin and 
fascia directly overlying it, and thus exposed, the tes- 
ticle is removed with the emasculator. The skin in- 
cision is not necessarily sutured as the usual locat'on 
of the testicle in these cases is such that a very small 
opening will enable the operator to secure and re- 
move it, and the position of the wound provides for 
good drainage. No after-care is customary. 

Sequelae 

In the castration of adult or aged bulls, resultant 
post-operative hemorrhage is a condition frequently 
encountered, and because of the sometimes serious con- 
sequences, it becomes urgent that the veterinarian ob- 
serve well and follow the preventive measures pro- 
vided for in the successful performance of this opera- 
tion on mature animals. Where the operator employs 
a good emasculator or ecraseur and takes reasonable 
precaution against hemorrhage, fatality is not likely 
to result from the operation. Where hemorrhage ex- 
ists in a degree not evidently death-producing, the 
internal administration of atropin in a full physiolog- 
ical dose will prove very beneficial. The confinement 
of the subject in inactivity in a tie stall for from 24 
to 48 hours will also favor spontaneous hemostasis, and 



CASTRATION OF THE BOS 69 

the additional use of hemostatic agents such as exsic- 
cated alum, iron subsulphate, or air slaked lime, ap- 
plied locally by means of an insufflator, is of great aid. 
In cases of profuse hemorrhage and where the life of 
the subject is endangered, he should be cast, "hog 1 
tied," and the scrotum packed with gauze held in 
position by means of scrotal sutures, — this packing to 
be carefully removed in 24 hours. It is most impor- 
tant that animals so affected be kept in clean quarters 
and without privilege of exertion for at least 24 hours, 
and in the days immediately following this treatment 
they should be allowed only a limited amount of ex- 
ercise. 

In these cases, the scrotal wounds must be given 
careful attention, subsequently, to observe and pre- 
vent the closing of the drainage opening, which might 
result in serious infection. In about 48 hours, if the 
coagulation of blood has rendered the continuance of 
hemorrhage improbable, an irrigation of the wound 
with a one per cent solution of Liquor Cresolis Com- 
positus will be beneficial. 

Following castration of calves, venous hemorrhage 
is of frequent occurrence, but in these cases the loss 
of blood is not of sufficient amount to cause serious 
disturbance, and no attention is necessary other than 
to restrict exercise and keep the subject under obser- 
vation lest the hemorrhage continue to a degree de- 
manding treatment. Remedial efforts should be fol- 
lowed in these subjects the same as described for the 
bull. 

Internal Hemorrhage. — Internal hemorrhage may 
result where undue traction has been exerted upon 
the cord, causing rupture of the spermatic vessels at 
a point within the abdominal cavity, either with or 



70 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

without obstruction of the inferior inguinal region. 
This accident is characterized by the symptoms which 
attend all cases of internal hemorrhage, such as an 
acceleration of the heart, weak pulse, unsteady gait, 
paleness of visible mucosas, muscular tremors, and 
finally labored breathing, collapse and death of the 
subject. Treatment generally proves futile in cases 
where profuse hemorrhage exists, but in some in- 
stances, such agents as atropin, which decreasg vascu- 
lar constriction, may be of service ; the intravenous 
injection of normal saline solution in moderate quan- 
tities, is also beneficial in some cases. Animals so af- 
fected should be kept quiet and unnecessary disturb- 
ance avoided. 

Infection of the Wound. — AVhile bovine subjects 
seemingly are very resistant to ordinary infection, yet 
post-operative infections do occasionally occur, .due in 
part to the inertia following the shock of the opera- 
tion of castration. This inactivity enhances post-oper- 
ative swelling and edema, which make for the retention 
of wound secretions and coagulated blood. In the 
course of two or three days under these adverse condi- 
tions, infection takes place and the subject manifests 
evidence of intoxication from the absorption of prod- 
ucts of bacterial activity thus incited. 

Where bulls are castrated in cold weather under 
unfavorable conditions, and not provided with proper 
shelter, this element of cold combined with the ani- 
mal's marked disinclination to exercise after the oper- 
ation, does not conduce to increase the powers of resist- 
ance, but favors serious infectious disturbances, and 
losses on this account occur. 

Symptoms. — Symptoms of post-operative infection 
consist in the general inclination of the animal to seek 



CASTRATION OF THE BOS 71 

quiet and isolation, — the refusal to eat only certain 
things, if any, — a painful local swelling and a notice- 
able tendency on the part of the subject not to move 
about. Where the infection is serious or becoming 
generalized, there is fever, constipation, disturbed cir- 
culation, increased thirst, the frequent changing of 
position from that of standing to recumbency, and 
death may follow within the course of three or four 
clays. 

Treatment. — If taken early before any material gen- 
eralization of the infection has taken place, the con- 
fining of the subject in recumbency and the free open- 
ing of the scrotal wounds and irrigation of them with 
a one per cent solution of Liquor Cresolis Compositus, 
is helpful. A purgative dose of magnesium sulphate 
will aid in correcting the condition and the daily irri- 
gation of the scrotum with the solution just mentioned 
is generally all the local treatment that is necessary 
for recovery. The treatment is to be continued for 
several days until the animal has improved and the 
wound assumes a more nearly healthy condition. 

Where the subject has been neglected until there 
is evidence of considerable generalization of the infec- 
tion attended by fever, inappetence and soreness, with 
disinclination to move, the prognosis is not, as a rule, 
favorable. Such cases should promptly be purged, and 
if possible, supported with stimulants such as strych- 
nin, alcohol or echinacea-angustifolia. The scrotal 
wounds should be freely opened and curetted, and 
this should be followed by frequent irrigation of the 
wounds with suitable antiseptics. The subject should 
receive the best care and made as nearly comfortable 
as possible. 

Contamination by Flies. — The larva? of Lucilia ma- 



72 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

cellaria may do considerable damage by way of 
contamination of the castration wounds. When this 
condition prevails, the animals should be confined suit- 
ably, the wounds curetted, and immediately irrigated 
with chloroform or aqua ammonia. This procedure 
includes the regular irrigation with a suitable antisep- 
tic solution, following, and further prophylactic treat- 
ment consists in the local application in proper sus- 
pension, of agents that are repellent to the fly, most 
of these mixtures containing tar or napthalene, and 
being suitable for this purpose. 



SFXTION VI 

CASTRATION OF SHEEP 

Lambs are generally castrated at about two months 
of age, and while these animals are not as hardy nor 
as resistant to surgical interference, as are some ani- 
mal subjects, under the proper conditions mortality 
from castration is usually very low. Since the anat- 
omy directly concerned in the castration of sheep is 
similar to that of the bull, no description of these 
structures need be given here. 

Restraint. — Subjects should either be confined in 
lateral recumbency and held by an assistant as though 
hog tied, or they may be seated in an upright position 
and thus supported between the knees of an assistant 
who may secure within his grasp a front and hind leg 
on each side of the animal. In this attitude, the dor- 
sum of the subject is held against the body of the aid, 
and the scrotal region is thus placed in an accessible 
position for the operator. 

Technic. — Where the element of time is not to 
hinder, preoperative clipping of the hair or wool over 
the scrotum should be done. This is followed by scrub- 
bing the parts with a one per cent solution of lysol 
or Liquor Cresolis Compositus, and the operation is 
completed exactly as indicated in the section on cas- 
tration of the bull. 

After-Care. — Postoperative attention consists in the 
provision of sanitary and comfortable quarters, and 
since this operation should not be performed during 
fly-time, no especial after-care is ordinarily needed. 



74 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

Sequelae 

Owing to the difficulty of securing the testicle in 
lambs, there is considerably more manipulation of the 
parts generally necessary at castration, than there is 
for the same operation in calves and pigs, and this, 
of course, offers greater possibility of infection. Fur- 
thermore, the wool about the scrotum being longer, 
that, also, is a more frequent source of contamination 
in lambs. 

However, fatalities from infection are relatively low 
in sheep except in the event of tetanus. Some corrals 
wherein sheep are kept seem to become seeded with 
an unusual amount of tetanus infection, and the re- 
sult is that about 25 per cent of the lambs castrated 
in herds having access to such corrals, die of tetanus. 
Even the utmost surgical precaution or purchasable 
preventives that the average owner will countenance, 
will not serve to curb this virulent germ once it gains 
headway in a herd. The recurrent loss, year after 
year, from this disease, can only be prevented by 
changing the location of the corral or by using an- 
other method of castration. 

Where tetanus is prevalent in a herd and they can- 
not be moved to sanitary quarters, perhaps the best 
means of castration is the use of rubber bands placed 
tightly about the scrotum. If the bands are dipped 
in tincture of iodin before being applied they occasion 
no raw surfaces and tetanus does not follow castration 
by this method, even in the w^orst infected localities. 
However, this method of castration by ligating the 
whole scrotum is inevitably painful and should not be 
resorted to in any case except where the danger from 
tetanus makes it imperative. 



SECTION VII 



CASTRATION OF SWINE 

Restraint. — With the exception of very large old 
boars, swine are generally confined in lateral recum- 
bency for the castrating operation, and unless the ani- 
mal weighs in excess of 200 pounds it may be held by 
an assistant without the aid of ropes or cords. The 
subject should be placed on the left side for the right- 
handed operator, the assistant holding the pig's right 
fore leg and hind leg together within the grasp of 
the hand as indicated in the cut. The assistant's knee 
rests upon the neck of the subject and with the left 
hand he holds the lowermost hind leg. If the animal 
is particularly vigorous and resistive, the operator may 
help to secure him by resting his left knee upon the 
uppermost ham of the subject. 

Some old boars attain the weight of 700 pounds and 
more and when these large animals are castrated, the 
operation is performed while they are in a standing 
position, confined by means of a rope, the noose of 
which may be applied about the upper jaw ; the other 
end of the rope being tied to a post. In most instances 
the animal resists confinement by pulling backward 
upon the rope sufficiently to keep it taut, and he is 
usually so occupied in this manner that the operation 
can be done without the use of additional means of re- 
straint. Because of the fact that they sometimes try to 
squat and seat themselves upon the buttocks in such a 
manner as to render the operation impossible, it be- 

75 



76 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

comes necessary in these cases to resort to the use of a 
pole, which should he pushed under the flanks and 
serves as a lever of the second class, preventing the ani- 
mal from assuming the sitting posture. 

Technic. - - The scrotum should be thoroughly 
scrubbed with a 2 per cent solution of Liquor Cresolis 
Compositus before being incised, although in the major- 
ity of cases for ordinary practical work, this precau- 
tionary measure is not taken. Because of the manner 
in which swine are usually kept, it is doubtful if this 
semblance of preoperative cleansing is of any benefit 
when castrated animals are returned to their unsanitary 
and filthy pens as soon as the operation is completed. 

A good, free incision is made through the skin and 
dartos parallel to the median raphe, taking care to 
open the scrotum sufficiently low to insure perfect 
drainage of the wound. This clear drainage is most 
important for the prevention of post-operative disturb- 
ances such as infection resulting in scirrhus cord, of 
which we shall make mention later. 

The uncovered operation is employed in the norma! 
animal and the testicle exposed by means of one bold 
incision. The attachment of the crem aster muscle is 
severed, allowing the ready withdrawal of the sper- 
matic cord, and in very young animals the operation 
is completed by exerting forcible traction on the cord, 
causing its division by a sudden jerk which at the 
same time produces hemostasis. Tn old boars ablation 
of the testicle is done by means of the emasculator, or 
unlimited torsion may be employed and the cord 
divided by scraping with the knife. 

After-Care. — No especial after-care is required ex- 
cept that the castrated animals should be placed in 
clean quarters, or preferably kept at grass. Access 



CASTRATION OF SWINE 77 

to dust wallows and old straw stacks should be pre- 
vented, as this is a source of much serious infection. 



Sequelae 

Castration operations in swine are seldom attended 
by severe hemorrhage, as spontaneous hemostasis usu- 
ally takes place before an alarming loss of blood has 
occurred. In the case of old boars there is evidenced 
some manifestation of shock following the operation, 
which is characterized by more or less restlessness 
and symptoms of colic. Such patients should be 
allowed absolute quiet and no other treatment will 
ordinarily be found necessary. 

Scirrhus Cord.— This affection is relatively com- 
mon and develops where animals so affected are not 
given proper attention early. A general unthrifty con- 
dition of the animal follows which sometimes results 
fatally. It is well, then, for the operator to note the 
sources of this ailment. 

Causes. — Perhaps the most frequent contributing 
factor to the etiology of this condition is the making 
of a scrotal incision that is not sufficiently large, or is 
located at a point that is decidedly too high to permit 
the escape of wound secretion. Also, if the spermatic 
co ]•<! is divided too near the testicle, allowing the 
amputated end of the cord to become adherent to the 
scrotal wound margins and thus exposed, infection of 
this structure ensues with the formation of a scirrhus 
involvement which attains bulky proportions resulting 
in rapid depletion and emaciation of the subject. 

Treatment. — When handled early before much hy- 
pertrophy of the cord and attendant necrotic involve- 
ment of adjacent tissues has taken place, prompt re- 



78 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

covery is stimulated by the making of a free incision 
into the tissues, exposing the affected cord, and the 
removal with a curette of the necrotic tissue followed 
by the injection of tincture of iodin. Where a large 
encapsulated mass exists indicative of much tissue pro- 
liferation, there is need for either complete removal 
of the degenerated structures or their destruction by 
means of chemicals. In cases where the diseased cord 
and surrounding hypertrophic mass attain very large 
proportions, the complete surgical amputation of such 
structures is accompanied by fatal shock in many in- 
stances. Experience has taught that in cases where 
the scirrhus cord constitutes as much as eight or ten 
per cent of the body weight of the subject, its com- 
plete removal by surgical means is likely to result 
fatally. These cases are therefore best treated by mak- 
ing a free opening into the encapsulated mass which 
is adherent to the end of the cord, and allowing escape 
of the usually ichorous contents. This having been 
done, the cavity may be packed with three or four 
drams of powdered copper sulphate, which is held in 
place by means of absorbent cotton. Injection of tinc- 
ture of iodin following this first treatment in about 
two weeks is sufficient to bring about complete recov- 
ery in most cases. 

Where the diseased cord with proliferation of tissue 
has assumed the form of an encapsulated mass that 
is not too large, the surgical removal by dissection 
and amputation of the diseased stump of the cord with 
the emasculator is indicated. The cavity should be 
packed with sterile gauze which is retained in posi- 
tion by means of scrotal sutures, the gauze to be 
removed in 24 hours. No further after-care is ordi- 
narily necessary. 



CASTRATION OF SWINE 79 

Scrotal Hernia 

Occurrence. — This condition is of frequent occur- 
rence in swine and is noticed at or soon after birth, 
probably 90 per cent of all cases being congenital. A 
small percentage of cases manifest the condition a few 
weeks after birth, and sometimes this state may not be 
noticeable until the animal is about two months old, 
such cases being undoubtedly the result of injury, with 
a hereditary predisposition probably as a contributing 
factor. 

Classification. — For convenience, hernias of swine 
shall be regarded in two classes: intra-vaginal, which 
comprises the major portion of all cases, and extra- 
vaginal, or interstitial, the more uncommon. The intra- 
vaginal hernia is a condition where the protrud- 
ing portion of intestine is lodged alongside the cord 
between the tunica vaginalis intima and tunica vagi- 
nalis renexa. In such cases the tunica vaginalis re- 
nexa is intact, and the bulk of intes+me extending as 
far as the scrotum may be quite considerable, or, as is 
often the case, the herniaed mass may be very small. 

In extra-vaginal or interstitial hernia there exists a 
rent in the tunica vaginalis renexa permitting the pro- 
lusion of the ectopic intestinal structure in the inter- 
stice outside of the tunica vaginalis renexa. Depending 
upon the exact location of the rent in the tunica vagi- 
nalis renexa, it becomes necessary to modify the tech- 
nique for the correction of the ailment. If the rent 
happens to be situated near the inner abdominal ring, 
the covered operation for castration usually done will 
not serve to reduce the condition. In such cases the 
ligation of the cord including the vaginal sheath will 
not close the rent, it being situated anterior to the 



80 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

point usually chosen for the application of the liga- 
ture. 

Treatment. — The method of correcting this condi- 
tion is essentially surgical, and affected subjects 
should he cared for when about a month old. It is 
possible to defer the handling of such cases until the 
animals weigh from 60 to 75 pounds, but it is more 
desirable in every way to operate on suckling pigs 
while they are very young. 

Preoperative preparation consists of withholding all 
diet from 12 to 24 hours. They should be kept in 
clean quarters to render more nearly possible a thor- 
ough cleansing of the surgical field. 

Anesthesia. — No anesthesia is ordinarily employed 
in the performance of this operation, although the 
administration per rectum of a solution of fifteen 
grains of chloral hydrate dissolved in an ounce of 
water, twenty minutes before operating, is advisable. 
This will produce sufficient depression to minimize 
pain and greatly lessen struggling and resistance. 

Restraint. — When subjects weigh 25 pounds or less, 
they may be confined by hanging them over a parti- 
tion or board fence by means of cords or straps at- 
tached to the hind legs, with the animal's belly pre- 
sented toward the operator. Larger animals may be 
restrained upon an improvised table or door, tilted 
at an angle of about 45 degrees, allowing the head to 
hang lowermost, thus favoring gravitation of the vis- 
cera toward the diaphragm. This position is more 
comfortable for the heavier animals and also adds to 
the convenience for the execution of the technic. 

Technic. — In cases of intra-vaginal hernia where 
the amount of intestine protruding is not great, and 



CASTRATION OF SWINE 81 

the subjects are treated while young, the ordinary 
covered operation for castration is indicated. 

The scrotal region is thoroughly scrubbed with soap 
and water if much soiled. If the animals have been 
kept in clean quarters, it is only necessary to scrub off 
the parts with a little gasoline or alcohol and then 
paint with tincture of iodin. An incision parallel with 
the median raphe is made through the skin and dartos, 
and carried very low to favor drainage and also to 
permit the application of a ligature closer to the 
inner abdominal ring than would be possible were 
the incision made at the usual site. 

After having exposed the vaginal tunic by a careful 
dissection, the areolar tissue is broken down, severing 
the attachment between the tunica vaginalis reflexa and 
adjacent structure. This dissection must be carefully 
done to avoid injuring the vaginal tunic, which is 
generally very delicate. It is not desirable to rupture 
this structure until it has been severed free from ad- 
joining tissues to a point along the inguinal canal 
under the pubis. Dissection having been completed, 
the testicle is seized while confined within the vaginal 
tunic, and a heavy pair of compression forceps are 
clamped over the cord and its enveloping tissue, as 
high up as possible, taking care that no portion of 
intestine is confined within the grasp of the forcep. 
This having been done, a needle armed with a stout 
piece of sterile silk is passed through the cord and car- 
ried entirely around the cord and its coverings, and 
securely tied. Amputation of the cord at a point 
about an inch from the ligature is then effected and 
the scrotal wound is closed with a continuous suture of 
heavy silk, leaving a small opening at the lowermost 



82 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

point for drainage. No especial after-care is necessary 
in these cases. 

Technic for the Correction of Extra-Vaginal 
Hernia. — In cases of extra-vaginal hernia, or in any 
case where the amount of intestine protruding into 
the vaginal tunic adjacent to the testicle is consider- 
able, it becomes necessary to execute a different opera- 
tion than the one heretofore described. 

The animal should be restrained upon an inclined 
improvised table with the head lowermost, and given 
complete anesthesia of ether or A. C. E. The sur- 
gical area — region of the groin — should be cleansed 
with gasoline and painted with tincture of iodin. 
Serving as a guide, the inner abdominal ring may 
first be located by palpation, and an incision about 
four inches long is then made over this site and paral- 
lel with the course of the vaginal tunic. The tissues 
are divided by careful dissection and the upper in- 
guinal region thus exposed makes possible the incising 
of the vaginal sheath, bringing to view the cord and 
intestine, provided the intestine has not returned into 
the peritoneal cavity by gravitation. The margins of 
the wound made in the vaginal sheath are then seized 
with forceps and the hernia is reduced. The cord is 
secured and the testicle drawn outward and ampu- 
tated with an emasculator or ligatured with gut and 
severed with scissors. After amputating the cord and 
trimming away any excess portions of the vaginal 
tunic, the cord is then pushed into the peritoneal cav- 
ity and the inner abdominal ring is closed by a four 
or five-point purse-string suture of sterile chromic gut. 
The skin wound is closed by means of silk sutures and 
no further attention need be given the subject except 
to provide clean, sanitary quarters, where they will 
be unmolested by other animals. 



SECTION VIII 

CASTRATION OF DOGS AND CATS 

Restraint and Anesthesia. — For this operation dogs 
are restrained preferably on some sort of operating 
table where they may be muzzled and unless they are 
very large or vicious they may be held by one assistant, 
Anesthesia is not employed unless there exists some 
pathological condition which renders the operation 
painful and tedious. Sporting dogs sometimes receive 
injuries involving the scrotum and doing some damage 
to the testicles, necessitating the removal of one or 
both glands, and if attention has not been given to 
them until the structures have become greatly inflamed, 
the operation may be considered too painful to per- 
form without anesthesia. In anesthetizing dogs, 
morphin, atropin, or H. M. C. may be given about an 
hour before administering chloroform or dilutions of 
chloroform, such as A. C. E. 

In the handling of cats, the operator should ever re- 
member that these subjects are nervous, highly sensi- 
tized creatures and require considerate, gentle care. 
For the purpose of castration, they should be confined 
by rolling them up in a blanket or heavy rubber sheet, 
and this must be done quickly to avoid an encounter 
which might result in injury to the operator. No anes- 
thesia is necessary in the castration of the cat under 
normal conditions. If the operation for any reason, 
seems likely to be a difficult or severe process, the ani- 
mal may be anesthetized with A. C. E. 

S3 



84 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 



Technic. — In dogs as well as in cats, the hair 
should be carefully clipped away from the scrotum be- 
fore operating'. In the long-haired cats, this is quite 
essential, and the surgical field should be cleansed with 
a mild antiseptic solution. The scrotal incisions are 
made parallel with the median raphe, exposing both 
testicles, as indicated in the uncovered operation, and 
this may be done before amputation of either of the 
glands is attempted. The distal attachment of the 




Fig. IS— SHOWING MANNER OF RESTRAINT OF MALE CAT 
FOR CASTRATION 



cremaster muscle is severed which allows protrusion of 
the cord without resistance. Particularly is this essen- 
tial in cats as it is then possible to obviate any danger 
of the amputated end of the cord becoming adherent to 
the scrotal wound margins and causing local irritation 
or subsequent infection of the cord. 

The cord is preferably severed with an emasculator, 
of in cats, serrated scissors may be used. In the castra- 



CASTRATION OF DOGS AND CATS 85 

tion of puppies there is no danger of serious hemor- 
rhage, but in the adult operation where the emascu- 
lator is not employed, it is urgent to exercise care in 
the manner of division of the cord, to prevent hemor- 
rhage. 

Cats are preferably castrated when they are about 
six months of age, if in good health, and if the 
operation is done at this period, there is no attendant 
danger. In the adult or aged cat, hemorrhage is more 
likely to occur, although not to the extent that it is in 
the castration of dogs. Older cats sometimes suffer 
considerable shock and should be given 1-500 grains 
atropin sulphate twenty minutes before operating. 

After-Care. — For healthy, normal dogs, castrated in 
the proper manner, no after-attention is necessary, as 
the wound inflicted does not seem to occasion serious 
inconvenience and infection of any seriousness seldom 
ensues. 

When possible, cats should be given the freedom of 
their accustomed haunts and left unmolested, for when 
confined in strange quarters they often become con- 
stipated. Local infection resulting in intoxication is 
likely to result fatally, if the subjects are not given 
careful post-operative attention. Sometimes because 
of local swelling, it is necessary to enlarge the scrotal 
incisions two or three days after the operation has 
been performed. Treatment in these cases consists in 
the removal of necrotic tissue with a curette, or simple 
irrigation with a mild antiseptic solution. To avoid 
complications a laxative diet should be given. 

Cryptorchid Dogs and Cats 

Cryptorchidy is occasionally found in these subjects 
and while the veterinarian is seldom called upon to 



86 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

operate, it is sometimes necessary to perform this 
operation even in localities where small animal sur- 
gery is infrequently done. The condition in these sub- 
jects is closely analogous to that encountered in larger 
animals. Ectopic testicles are sometimes found in dogs, 
and in one case handled by the writer, the testicle in 
a cat was so firmly adhered inside the inguinal canal 
that only with great difficulty was it removed. 

Technic. — Preoperative preparation consists in the 
administration of a laxative, and if the rectum is filled 
with dry fecal matter, an enema is gh en. The animal 
is put under a general anesthetic and confined upon 
the operating table in position for laparotomy. A lib- 
eral area is shaved in the pre-pubic region of dogs and 
in the flank of cats, and an incision made of sufficient 
length to permit of visual examination of the peri- 
toneal cavity. The hidden testicle is sought by trac- 
ing its course from the uro-genital fold and when 
located is removed by limited torsion of the cord, or 
with an emasculator. 

The abdominal wound is then closed by means of a 
continuous suture of No. chromic gut, including the 
peritoneum and abdominal muscles. The skin and 
fascia are united by means of another continuous suture 
of silk, leaving a small opening at one end for drain- 
age. "With the exception of the drainage opening, the 
wound is sealed with flexible collodion, and the surgi- 
cal field is covered with absorbent cotton held in posi- 
tion by means of a bandage. 

No after-care is necessary other than to administer 
a suitable regimen and to take every precaution to pre- 
vent constipation. The skin sutures should be removed 
in five or six days and complete recovery generally en- 
sues within ten clays or two weeks. 



SECTION IX 

CASTRATION OF BIRDS 
(CAPONIZING) 

The castration of the male fowl gives it a good mar- 
ket demand as a table delicacy, and when this opera- 
tion is properly done at an early age, the capon attains 
abnormal development and the fiber and flavor of the 
flesh are greatly improved thereby. 

Age. — The best results are obtainable by operating 
just before the combs are formed, or as early as it is 
possible to distinguish between the sexes. 

Preparation of the Subject. — Withhold all food for 
36 hours and water for 12 hours. 

Restraint. — Arrange for the work a suitable table. 
One may be improvised by using the head of a barrel, 
covering it with a clean piece of oil cloth or rubber 
sheet. Confine the fowl by means of cords and suit- 
able weights, grasping and holding the two wings 
within a noose with a weight attached to hang on one 
side of the table, and attaching a similar expedient to 
the feet, suspending this weight directly opposite the 
one which confines the wings. 

Technic. — Prepare the fowl by plucking a few 
feathers from the surgical area which includes the 
vicinity of the last intercostal space. In this manner 
enough skin is bared to allow of its being displaced 
sufficiently to make an incision in the skin, which, when 
the structures are released will not match or coincide 
with the next incision to be made between the last two 

87 



88 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

ribs. After making' this intercostal incision, a speculum 
is introduced gently for the purpose of separating the 
ribs, and with a good overhead light, the peritoneal 
cavity is sufficiently illuminated to permit a good view 
of the region of the testicles, which are light in color 
and just anterior to the kidneys and very close to the 
aorta. 

Removal of the testicles is effected by means of 
adaptable snares or forceps, taking extreme care to in- 
clude all testicular tissue within grasp of the instru- 
ment, so that not even a microscopic portion of the 
gland may be left attached. Sufficient secretion will 
persist if any testicular tissue is left in the situ, that 
the result is what is known as a "slip," or an imper- 
fectly castrated bird. The operator should also be 
very careful to avoid injuring the aorta as fatal hemor- 
rhage invariably results. 

Some castrators remove both testicles from the same 
side, removing the one lowermost, first. However, the 
average operator finds it more satisfactory to make an 
incision on each side, removing one testicle at a time. 
Suturing of the wound is unnecessary, as the skin which 
has been displaced, when released, will cover the wound 
between the ribs. 

After-Care. — No especial after-care is urgent other 
than that comfortable quarters with low roosts be pro- 
vided, and the birds should be observed from 24 to 48 
hours afterward as their movements may result in the 
entrance of air into the incision in some cases, and 
bloating occurs; the removal of air in these instances 
necessitates the puncturing of the skin. 



PART TWO 

CASTRATION OF FEMALES 

(SPAYING, OOPHORECTOMY, 

OVARIOTOMY) 

SECTION I 

VAGINAL OVARIOTOMY OF THE 

MARE 

(CHARLIER'S METHOD) 

Not infrequently it becomes necessary to castrate 
mares for the correction of ailments involving the 
ovaries. The principal disturbance caused by degen- 
erative changes in the ovaries, is nymphomania, which 
so often causes viciousness that mares thus affected are 
very unsatisfactory in service at the time of the estral 
period, displaying various undesirable traits such as 
kicking, biting and striking, and many of them are 
line grippers. Maniacal symptoms always predominate 
in these mares and their frequent stopping to eject 
small amounts of urine and the protrusion to view of 
the erected clitoris, makes them repulsive as well as 
harmful. 

When consulted, veterinarians should urge the un- 
sexing of such animals as it is the only sensible mode 
of correcting this condition. Other corrective opera- 
tions have been performed, resulting in recovery in 
some cases, but they are not to be recommended. Am- 

S9 



90 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

putation of the clitoris has been known to cause the 
complete cessation of the manifestations of nympho- 
mania, the pain and discomfort inflicted on the animal 
being sufficient to check the signs of sexual desire, but 
where there is involvement of the ovaries, such an 
operation is an irrational procedure inasmuch as it does 
not tend to remove the cause. Caudal myectomy has 
also been resorted to in line grippers to correct this 
vice, and while it effects a greater degree of safety in 
the driving of the mare, this, too, fails to reach the 
actual cause and except to correct the habit of line 
gripping is not to be encouraged. The condition of 
nymphomania still continues in spite of clitoridectomy 
or caudal myectomy. 

Preparation of the Subject. — Mares should be given 
a purge 48 hours before the time set for the operation, 
and they should be dieted, receiving only very light 
concentrates, including bran. 

Restraint and Anesthesia. — Subjects may be han- 
dled cither in the standing position without complete 
anesthesia, or confined in recumbency and anesthetized 
with chloroform. The standing operation is preferable 
as it renders a good technic much easier of execu- 
tion. Partial anesthesia may be accomplished by the 
administration of two or three grains of morphin 
given subcutaneously, and an ounce of chloral hydrate 
given per os in a capsule. These agents should be given 
about an hour before the operation is performed. The 
tail should be bandaged from the base outward for 
about eighteen inches and then tied to one side. For 
restraint a stanchion or stocks may be employed, or the 
mare may be held by means of a hippo-lasso and twitch. 
If confined within a stanchion, a cross bar should be 
placed just a little higher than the hocks, and the 



CASTRATION OF FEMALES 



91 



subject crowded back to assume a position in close 
contact with the cross bar, precluding the elevation 
of the hind legs which might endanger the operator and 
injure the animal as well. The subject should be pre- 
vented from lying down by means of girths, and a rope 
or strap should be passed over the back. 




Fig. 16— A FORM QF HIPPO-LASSO 
Illustrating a suitable mode of restraint for vaginal oophorectomy of the 
mare by means of a form of hippo-lasso as employed by the author. 



Preoperative Preparation and Technic. — The ex- 
ternal perineal region is then scrubbed with soap and 
water, and the vaginal canal irrigated with a one-half 
of one per cent solution of lysol. Pledgets of cotton 
may be used to swab out the vaginal canal, though 
this is not imperative. 

The introduction of water in the vaginal canal stimu- 
lates a ballooning of its walls. This is a normal physio- 
logical function vested in this structure and makes 



92 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

the walls very tense — a condition which greatly facili- 
tates the performance of the operation. In some mares 
this tensity of the vaginal walls does not continue for 
a very long time and while the injection of additional 
quantities of warm water may cause ballooning to 
recur, this procedure is unnecessary, as the operator 
can, by placing the end of a blunt embryotomy hook 
against the inferior vagino-urethral juncture, just be- 
low the external os, and gently pushing forward, tense 
the wall sufficiently to incise the vaginal wall with 
safety. 

Making the incision through the vaginal wall is the 
most dangerous part of this operation, as it is easily 
possible to wound the aorta or one of the iliac arteries, 
if the utmost care and thought are not exercised in 
this move. As a matter of precaution these vessels 
should be located by palpation, this is readily accom- 
plished as their pulsations are easily recognized. 

Because of the changed relationship of the struc- 
tures when the vaginal wall is ballooned, the knife is 
simply thrust forward, but if the wall is tensed by 
artificial means, the incision is made in an upward and 
forward direction, and under these conditions there is 
more likelihood of the large vessels becoming injured 
should the animal struggle when the incision is made. 

The lubricated hand conveying an ordinary hooked 
castrating blade or other suitable knife, is introduced 
and an opening made in the wall very near the median 
line of the superior vaginal wall in the immediate 
region of the fornix ; this incision should at first be 
long enough to permit the penetration of the finger, 
and may be enlarged by simply forcing the other fingers 
gradually, and finally the hand, through the vaginal 
wall into the peritoneal cavity. Caution should be 



CASTRATION OF FEMALES 93 

taken to avoid separating the peritoneum from the 
muscular portion of the wall, lest a pocket or sac be 
formed which in retaining' wound secretions would be 
likely to cause local post-operative infection and result 
in generalized septic peritonitis. There is little danger 
of doing injury to the vessels or to the rectum, however, 
if the operator uses a reasonable degree of care in his 
work. 

Finding the Ovary. — The hand is pushed through 
the incision in the vaginal wall into the peritoneal 
cavity and thence turned downward and forward, and 
the body of the uterus may be readily located. The 
horns of the uterus bifurcate at almost right angles, 
and by tracing them out, the ovary is found suspended 
by means of the broad ligament ; it is then secured 
within the grasp of the. fingers and drawn into the 
vaginal canal if the ligament is sufficiently long or 
lax to permit this. In some mares the ovary seems to 
be suspended in a rather elevated position in the sub- 
lumbar region, and the broad ligament is really broad 
and short, making it impossible to bring the ovary 
down through the vaginal wall into the canal. In 
such cases, it is best to twist the ovary a few turns 
causing the expansion of its supporting ligament to be- 
come grouped in a cord-like mass. This readily allows 
the structure to be grasped by the spaying emasculator 
or ecraseur, and facilitates amputation. 

After having removed the ovary by means of a suit- 
able spaying emasculator, it is confined within the hand 
and the other ovary is removed in the same manner. 
If it is possible — and it usually is — to draw the organ 
into the vaginal canal before amputating, it is left 
in the canal until both are severed; thus both are re- 



94 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

moved from the canal at the same time and the hand 
is not withdrawn until the operation is completed. 

After-Care. — No attentive after-care is necessary 
following this operation except that the animal should 
be observed for a few hours as colic sometimes occurs. 
Mares should be given a laxative diet and observed 
daily lest constipation result because of the pain which 
attends defecation for a few days after the operation. 

Results. — In cases of chronic nymphomania in older 
mares where the condition has existed for a few years, 
complete recovery from it should not be expected im- 
mediately. The process is gradual and sometimes not 
completely satisfactory for a few months. 

This operation has been performed under very ad- 
verse conditions in fillies eighteen months of age (nor- 
mal animals) with results which justify the advisability 
of spaying in every case of nymphomania. Done with 
reasonable skill, the mortality from this operation is 
very low. 






SECTION II 



VAGINAL OVARIOTOMY OF THE COW 



The general reason for castrating cows is for the 
purpose of removing one or both ovaries when diseased. 
In certain cases of degenerative involvement of one or 
both of the ovaries resulting in the animals being 
"Bullers, " cows are spayed with the object of fatten- 
ing them for market. In some cases where one ovary 
becomes hypertrophic and considerably indurated as a 
result of cyst formation, and nymphomania develops in 
an otherwise good milk cow, it is advisable to remove 
the diseased gland. Some authorities claim that spay- 
ing, if done at the proper time, prolongs the period of 
lactation for several years. 

This method of spaying is employed in animals suffi- 
ciently large to easily permit the introduction of the 
hand into the vaginal canal, and is preferable to making 
the flank incisions because there are no exposed wounds 
resulting. This technic may be employed with safety 
during fly-time without any especial after-attention. 

Preparation of the Subject. — Food should be with- 
held for 24 hours and a purgative dose of magnesium 
sulphate given 12 to 18 hours before operating. 

Restraint and Anesthesia. — Animals are preferably 
confined in the standing position within a stanchion or 
narrow stall, it being unnecessary ordinarily to resort 
to the use of ropes or other appliances to further hold 
the animal if the head is closely and securely fastened. 

95 



96 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

One to one-half ounces of chloral hydrate dissolved in 
a quart of water given as a drench twenty minutes be- 
fore the operation is begun will serve to diminish sensi- 
bility very materially. 

Technic. — The tail should be tied to one side and 
the external perineum thoroughly cleansed with soap 
and water and the vaginal canal irrigated with a one- 
half of one per cent solution of lysol in warm water. 
In cows it is necessary to employ a vaginal speculum 
or to use other means for tensing the wall, as it does 
not balloon as in mares. The wall having been tensed, 
which may be done as described in the chapter on spay- 
ing mares, the operation is conducted exactly the same 
as this operation on a mare, the operator remembering, 
however, the difference in the disposition of the uterine 
cornua, and that the ovaries are suspended in a some- 
what different manner than in the mare ; yet, by trac- 
ing out the horns from the body of the uterus, no diffi- 
culty should be encountered in locating the ovaries. 

After-Care and Results. — No after-care is necessary 
ordinarily. The animal should be allowed a moderate 
degree of exercise and given a laxative diet. In ani- 
mals that are chronic "Bullers, " where there is a sink- 
ing of the sacro-sciatic ligament, a flaccid condition of 
the vulva and the existence of almost perpetual estrum, 
it is not reasonable to expect that the removal of a 
diseased ovary will effect a complete correction of the 
ailment. 



SECTION III 



CASTRATION OF HEIFERS 



The current demand for desirable breeding animals 
lias reduced the practice of castration of heifers, a pro- 
cedure quite common in the past. It is not done ex- 
tensively at the present lime, except in a few instances 
where range cattle are spayed to avoid the contusion 
of brands — the obvious result if "open" heifers were 
sold and put at large on the ranges. This operation is 
also necessary at times for the profitable feeding of 
virgin females for market. 

Age. — The best age for spaying heifers is before 
their first estral period, but since this operation is done 
by the flank route, it is sometimes impossible, as their 
first estral period may manifest itself during midsum- 
mer, and it is not best to operate during fly-time if it 
is possible to do it at any other time. 

Preparation of the Subject. — Heifers at grass re- 
quire no preoperative preparation except the withhold- 
ing of food for 24 hours and water for about 12 hours 
preceding the operation. This allows sufficient time for 
the evacuation of most of the intestinal content and 
makes for a more comfortable handling of the case, 
for both the operator and the subject. 

Restraint.— Animals should be confined either in the 
standing position or in lateral recumbency. If han- 
dled in the standing position, and large numbers are 
to be spayed at once, it is advisable to build a suitable 

97 



98 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

chute, this chute connecting by means of a long run- 
way with a small lot or corral, enabling the expeditious 
management of large numbers without undue delay or 
accidents. 

The head should be held by means of stanchion bars, 
and the animals may be prevented from lying down 
by means of girths or cross bars. A gate should be pro- 
vided for on the side of the chute to permit ready 
access to the flank of the subject. 

When animals are handled in large numbers in the 
recumbent position they are usually confined by means 
of ropes with the aid of saddle horses and are cast and 
"stretched." A rope about the neck including one or 
both front feet, is held taut also by means of a horse 
and rider, and another rope about the hind legs serves 
to confine the animal on its side. This position, how- 
ever, has the disadvantage of over-tensing the abdom- 
inal muscles, and it is preferable to secure the upper 
hind leg only. This may be done by an assistant hold- 
ing the same as illustrated in the accompanying cut. 

Preparation of the Surgical Area. — 1 n young heifers, 
it is best to operate on the left side, but in larger ani- 
mals, because of the bulk of the rumen, it is perhaps 
found easier to invade the right flank. 

The hair is clipped from a liberal porition between 
the external iliac angle and the last rib, just below the 
transverse lumbar process, and this area is scrubbed 
with a two per cent solution of Liquor Cresolis Composi- 
tus or some other suitable antiseptic. 

Operative Technic. — An incision is then made with 
some good spaying knife through the skin and fascia, 
of proper length to enable the ready introduction of 
the operator's hand. It is a matter of personal choice 
as to which particular style of instrument is to be 



CASTRATION OF FEMALES 99 

employed in this operation. The skin having been in- 
cised, the point of the knife is thrust into the abdominal 
musculature for a sufficient depth to allow the introduc- 
tion of a finger into the structures for the purpose of 
separating muscular fibers and these are separated by 
forcing the hand through the structures. It is wise to 
avoid transverse division of the muscular fibers, more 
prompt healing of the wound results if the intercrossing 
muscular fibers are not severed, as spontaneous closure 
of the incision occurs almost immediately after the 
hand has been withdrawn from the peritoneal cavity. 

The ovaries are sought by introducing the hand into 
the peritoneal cavity, keeping it in immediate contact 
with the parietal peritoneum and turning the hand in 
a backward direction toward the shaft of the ilium. 
For the beginner this may serve as a landmark, and 
he may carry the hand from this point to the pubis, 
there locating the bladder; and immediately above the 
bladder, the body of the uterus is easily found. By 
tracing out the bifurcating cornua, the ovary situated 
opposite the point of entry is first secured and ampu- 
tated by means of suitable scissors or spaying emas- 
culator. The instrument is introduced alongside the 
forearm of the operator, and the amputation of the 
ovary is done within the peritoneal cavity. The re- 
maining ovary is removed in a like manner and the 
hand is withdrawn then, bringing both glands with it. 

The abdominal muscles and peritoneum are not 
sutured. The skin and fascia are united by means of 
two or three interrupted sutures of heavy linen or 
silk material. This is done by means of a large, heavy 
spear-pointed needle, and this part of the operation 
may well be delegated to an assistaut where animals 
are handled in large numbers. If it is necessary to 



100 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

operate in fly-time, the wound should be covered with 
pine tar and no after-care given except that the ani- 
mals should not be allowed the run of premises where 
it is possible for them to overeat. They should be care- 
fully herded for the first 24 or 48 hours in order to 
prevent their being obliged to travel any great dis- 
tance for food and water. 

Results. — Mortality from this operation is very low. 
Facts show that in competent hands, the fatalities from 
restraining and handling of the animals are far greater 
than those caused by the surgical operation or seque n a3 
directly resulting therefrom. The losses may be esti- 
mated at from one-fourth of one per cent to two per 
cent where conditions are favorable. 



SECTION IV 



CASTRATION OF SOWS 

As has been said of heifers, the increased demand 
for sows suitable for breeding- purposes has led to a 
noticeable conservation of these animals. The females 
of better stock are too valuable for spaying, generally, 
and those that are fed for market are usually fattened 
before the estral period attending puberty materially 
interferes, or else they are bred while being fattened. 

Preparation of the Subject.— Food and water should 
be withheld 12 hours before operating, and the animal 
should be kept in clean quarters for a certain limited 
time prior, so that the skin may not be in a badly 
soiled condition. 

Age for Operating-.— Sows are best handled from two 
to four months of age. 

Restraint. — The animal should be confined upon some 
suitably improvised operating table which is positioned 
in a sloping manner to cause the head of the subject 
to hang considerably lower than the hind quarters, 
and either the right or left flank of entry is convenient. 

Preparation of the Surgical Area.— The hair is then 
clipped from a liberal space in the flank region ante- 
rior to the external angle of the ilium, and the field 
cleansed by means of a swab and gasoline and imme- 
diately painted with tincture of iodin. 

Technic— In small sows, an incision of sufficient 
size to admit one or two fingers, is made through the 
skin, fascia and abdominal mucles. With large adult 

101 



102 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

animals, it is necessary to make an ample opening for 
the introduction of the operator's hand into the peri- 
toneal cavity. 

The ovaries then are sought and will be found in 
much the same manner as described for the castration 
of other females, being attached to a very long and 
lax broad ligament which will permit of their being 
brought to the surface and amputated on the outside 
of the peritoneal cavity. The skin and abdominal mus- 
cles then should be united by means of from two to 
four interrupted sutures, using braided silk for this 
purpose. It is not essential to suture the peritoneum. 
The wound should be covered with pine tar and no 
after-care is necessary except that the animals be 
given freedom of clean quarters, preferably at grass, 
and where other animals will not molest them. 



SECTION V 

CASTRATION OF THE DOG 
(SPAYING) 

A veterinarian's ability as a general practitioner 
is often estimated by the results he has achieved in 
the unsexing of female dogs and there are few opera- 
tions that he is called upon to perform which are 
more likely to bring him into disrepute among his cli- 
entele if the outcome is not perfectly satisfactory in 
every respect, As there are some cases where the 
execution of a good technique is almost impossible 
where the operation is done without proper facilities, 
by one not thoroughly accustomed to doing it, it there- 
fore behooves the veterinarian to familiarize himself 
with every detail of this operation. 

Females of the canine species, especially those of 
the larger breeds which lead an outdoor life, should 
certainly be castrated if undesirable for breeding pur- 
poses. This applies also to female house dogs in the 
city which not only are a source of a great deal of 
annoyance in a neighborhood, but are likewise very 
troublesome to their owners, if not closely confined 
at certain periods. Moreover, the promiscuous gath- 
ering of all sorts of males occasioned by a female at 
large when in hea+, constitutes a direct menace in the 
spreading of various diseases such as distemper, mange, 
and even rabies. 

Age for Operating.— Animals that are in a healthy 
condition are generally operated on between the ages 

ion 



104 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

of six and nine months, and there is no good reason 
why it should not be done at even an earlier age. In 
collies or certain breeds of watch dogs, spaying is 
best done at the age of six months, as there is a tend- 
ency toward the accumulation of too much fat when 
this operation is deferred until the subject has matured. 

Operating during the estral period should be avoided 
if possible. "While estrum is manifested by a conges- 
tion of the vulva, yet marked congestion of the ova- 
ries and oviducts persists in some cases for weeks after 
external signs of estrum have subsided. 

Anatomy of the Structures Directly Concerned. — 
Since these animals are multiparous, the uterine cornua 
are well developed and the body of the uterus is small 
and rather undeveloped. The horns are supported by 
the broad ligaments which are of sufficient growth 
usually to permit the ovaries being readily drawn to 
the surface of an abdominal incision made at the linea 
alba. The ovaries are almost completely encapsulated 
within the broad ligament; the size of the oviducts 
varies materially in different subjects and not in pro- 
portion to the size of the animal, — those having been 
pregnant possessing oviducts proportionately larger 
than those found in puppies not having reached the 
age of puberty. During the estral period, the oviducts, 
because of their congestion, are very large, and this 
fact serves to confuse the inexperienced operator 
whose tactile sense has not been trained to guide him. 

There are no other structural differences of the gen- 
italia sufficiently important to warrant further con- 
sideration. 

Preparation of the Subject. — Where the operation is 
performed in a hospital equipped with proper facili- 
ties for the safe handling of animals, the subject should 



CASTRATION OF THE DOG 105 

be given a bath, food withheld for 24 hours, and the 
intestinal tract emptied by giving a dose of castor oil, 
and later enemas. 

Animals should not be confined within a cage con- 
tinuously during the process of preoperative prepara- 
tion, but should be taken out to encourage urination 
and defecation. 

There are occasions when the veterinarian is obliged 
to operate without the advantages of hospital facili- 
ties and sometimes he is required to perform the oper- 
ation Avhen he cannot give the patient proper prepa- 
ration, but this has been done with good results in 
the more hardy breeds; however, in view of the pos- 
sibility of an unsatisfactory outcome, it is not wise to 
follow this practice even in the eases of animals hav- 
ing the more rugged constitutions. 

Restraint. — The subject should be muzzled and con- 
fined on an operating table or the body suspended by 
means of tapes which are looped about the hind legs 
and hung upon nails driven in a wall. If a table is 
available, the position of the animal may be changed 
with ease and this greatly facilitates the execution of 
the operative technic in that the tension of the mus- 
cles of the abdominal wall at the site of operation 
may be diminished if necessary, by changing the posi- 
tion of the body from perpendicular to almost hori- 
zontal. 

Anesthesia. — This is one operation where there is 
every reason for the employment of anesthesia of some 
kind, and yet it is a deplorable fact that many animals 
have been barbarously handled by inhumane operators 
none too skillful in this branch of surgery. None of 
our patients tolerate morphin or anesthetic compounds 
containing morphin better than dogs, and there is no 



106 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 



excuse for any veterinarian not employing morphin or 
some compound containing it, even though he has no 



^ 




\ 





Fig. 17— THE ABOVE REPRESENTS A PRACTICAL MODE OF 

RESTRAINT FOR SPAYING. THE SUBJECT SHOWN IS 

UNDER COMPLETE ANESTHESIA 



skilled assistant at hand. 

H. M. C. has proved a very satisfactory agent, or 



CASTRATION OF THE DOG 107 

when available, a morphin and atropin combination 
given subcutaneously about an hour before operating, 
is a good practice. The amount of morphin given 
varies somewhat with different operators, but from 
one-half to one grain of morphin with 1-100 grain 
atropin may be given animals weighing about 25 
pounds, or larger doses may be used with safety where 
no other anesthetic is used. The administration of 
morphin an hour before the operation, usually causes 
sufficient nausea and retching to empty the stomach, — 
a very desirable effect in a subject that has not been 
prepared for the operation. Where a trained assistant 
is obtainable, anesthesia is completed by the adminis- 
tration of either A. C. E. or chloroform. 

Care should be taken during the administration of 
the anesthetic, as a sudden change in position of the 
subject from the horizontal to the vertical with the 
abrupt throwing of the weight of the intestines upon 
the diaphragm, is likely to cause arrest of respiration. 
Where no operating table is in use, the position of the 
body should be shifted gradually, and where animals 
are simply hung by the hind legs, the change of position 
must be accomplished with care. 

Preparation of the Surgical Field.— For a linea alba 
incision, a liberal area in the prepubic region is lathered 
and the hair shaved from a space from two to four 
inches wide, extending as far forward as the xiphoid 
cartilage. The soap is then removed with a mild anti- 
septic solution and the skin dried and painted with tinc- 
ture of iodin. Towels may be folded in such manner 
as to cover all the unshaved area, and these may lie 
suspended by means of intestinal clamps or other for- 
ceps having limber jaws, by clamping the towels upon 
the skin over the region of the tensor fascia lata. 



108 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 




Fis?. 18— SHOWING MEDIAN LINE INCISION, IMMEDIATELY 
POSTERIOR TO THE UMBILICUS 



CASTRATION OF THE DOG 109 

Operative Technic. — A median line incision is 
made which is carried forward to the umbilical cicatrix. 
This incision is generally made an inch and a half in 
length though in some instances a two-inch incision is 
preferable. The tissues are divided carefully, and by 
means of dressing forceps one of the wound margins 
may be drawn aside, enabling the operator to closely 
observe and recognize the tissues as they are exposed 
and divided. Some animals possess considerable fat 
which lies between the subcuticular fascia in the ab- 
dominal muscles, and this interferes somewhat with the 
vision of the line of incision as it is carried through 
the abdominal muscles. In such cases, one may remove 
a portion of this fat by means of scissors, or an assist- 
ant may, with the aid of a pair of forceps, retract the 
wound margins enabling the operator to observe and 
recognize the tissues as they are divided. 

After having exposed the peritoneum, this may be 
punctured by means of a tenotome, taking care not to 
injure the bladder should it be greatly distended and 
lying immediately in contact with the peritoneum at the 
site of the incision. Following the perforation of the 
peritoneum, the incision may be enlarged by use of 
peritoneal scissors or with the aid of a grooved direc- 
tor; by lifting and tensing the peritoneum, it is readily 
divided with the scalpel or tenotome. It is best to avoid 
enlarging the peritoneal opening by tearing as this 
makes it impossible to control the direction of the 
rent and an oblique or even a transverse rent may be 
produced which is rather difficult to suture properly. 

Finding the Ovaries.— Two general methods are em- 
ployed for locating the ovaries — one by retracting the 
wound margins, exposing the viscera to view and seiz- 
ing the uterine horns with forceps withdrawing the 



110 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

ovaries without introducing- the fingers into the peri- 
toneal cavity. The other method consists in the intro- 
duction of the index finger into the cavity, and by 
tactile sense, seeking and removing the structures. It 
is a matter of opinion with different operators as to 
which method is preferable, so we shall deseribe the 
latter one, just mentioned. 

The index finger is introduced into the peritoneal 
cavity, and for the beginner it is well to at once locate 
the bladder which lies directly in contact with the floor 
of the abdomen in the prepubic region. In some cases 
the bladder will be found to bs greatly distended and 
here it is well to apply a quantity of absorbent cotton 
against the external genitals, lest manipulation cause 
evacuation of some of its contents and add this possi- 
bility of contamination to the exposed wound margins 
and peritoneal cavity. After locating the bladder, the 
operator will readily find the body of the uterus lying 
just dorsally thereto ; following out the uterine horn 
from its bifurcation, it may be crowded against the 
parietal peritoneum and brought to the surface and by 
employing traction upon it, the ovary is then carefully 
drawn out of the cavity for amputation. In some cases, 
because of the close attachment of the ovary, it be- 
comes necessary to arch the spinal column of the sub- 
ject to enable the withdrawal of the ovary to the 
wound surface to avoid undue traction upon the struc- 
tures which might result in rupture of the broad liga- 
ment and possible retention of some ovarian tissue or 
unnecessary hemorrhage. 

As soon as the ovary has been brought to the sur- 
face of the abdominal wound, it is seized by means of 
suitable forceps and twisted in such manner that the 
oviduct and suspending broad ligament are brought in 



CASTRATION OF THE DOG 



111 



immediate contact and quickly clamped with a heavy 
pair of dressing Forceps. The operation is completed 
by limited torsion accomplished by twisting with the 
spaying forceps and an intrascapular ablation is in 
this manner effected. The remaining ovary is removed 
in the same manner and in cases where no marked con- 
gestion of the ovary and oviducts exists, as is obvious 




Fig. 16— THE OVARY, HAVING BEEN BROUGHT TO THE SUR- 
FACE. IS SHOWN CONTAINED WITHIN THE GRASP OF THE 
SPAYING FORCEPS; A PORTION OF THE BROAD LIGA- 
MENT AND THE OVIDUCT ARE SECURED BETWEEN THE 
JAWS OF COMPRESSION FORCEPS 



during estrum, this method of removal of the ovaries 
positively prevents serious hemorrhage. 

Where it is found upon exposing the ovaries that the 
structures are greatly enlarged and congested because 
of the remaining effect of estrum, it is well to ligate 
with gut suture material, the broad ligament including 
the ovarian artery proximal to the ovary. Also an- 



112 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 



other ligature is applied about the oviduct and intra- 
capsular ablation of the ovary is effected with scissors. 
In this way hemorrhage is controlled by ligation 
en masse of all structures on either side of the ovary. 

After the stumps of the amputated oviducts are re- 
turned to the peritoneal cavity, the abdominal wound is 
closed by means of two rows of sutures. The perito- 
neum and abdominal muscles are seized by means of 




20— COMPLETING THE PROCESS OF LIMITED TORSION 
FOR AMPUTATION OF THE OVARY 



tissue forceps and with full curved needle armed with 
sterile gut No. 0, a continuous suture is made, includ- 
ing both the peritoneum and the abdominal muscles. 
The skin and fascia are united by means of a continuous 
suture of sterile silk or chromic gut No. 2, leaving at 
one commissure a space of about one-eighth of an inch 
in length unsutured, for drainage. A drainage open- 
ing is not imperative where a perfect technic is exe- 



CASTRATION OF THE DOG 



113 



cuted, as union by first intention should result. The 
skin wound should then be sealed with flexible collo- 
dion, with the exception of the small opening' (where 
an opening- for drainage is provided for), for the 
escape of wound secretion should any infection occur. 
The wound is then covered with sterile absorbent cot- 
ton which may be held in position with a many-tailed 
bandage or by means of a fold of sterile gauze, this to 




Fis?. 21— SUTURE FOR COAPTATION OF THE PERITONEUM 

AND ABDOMINAL MUSCLES IS SHOWN IN 

POSITION HERE 

be made secure with strips of adhesive tape encircling 
the body. 

After-Care. — The wound should be carefully in- 
spected after 48 hours, and if there is any evidence 
of infection, gentle manipulation may be employed to 
force secretions out of the small opening which has 
been left for this contingency, taking care not to 
interfere with existing primary union of tissue else- 



114 



ANIMAL CASTRATION 



where. Where no provision for drainage has been 
made and infection has occurred early, surgical re- 
moval of pus should be done that no interference with 
primary union exists. The skin suture should be re- 
moved in four or five days. The animal should receive 
a light laxative diet following this operation and mod- 
erate exercise permitted. 




Fig. 22— THE SKIN AND FASCIA HAVE BEEN JOINED WITH A 
CONTINUOUS SUTURE WHICH IS FIXED BY TYING TO- 
GETHER THE SINGLE END OF THE THREAD ON ONE SIDE 
WITH THE DOUBLE END ON THE OTHER 



Sequelae 

Shock. — While the operation is in progress, mani- 
festation of shock is sometimes noticeable, and very 
careful attention to the administration of the anesthetic 
is necessary, especially in the case of delicate animals 
as certain breeds of toy dogs, or those of the more 
highly sensitive organism. The preoperative adminis- 
tration of atropin is very beneficial in that the respira- 



CASTRATION OF THE DOG 115 

toiy center is stimulated and fatal shock is generally 
avoided. Where good surgical anesthesia is difficult 
to maintain, as it is in some cases, the application of 
heat by means of a hot water bag applied to the spinal 
column, is of obvious benefit. 

When respiration is suddenly arrested, the operation 
should be discontinued at once and the abdominal 
wound hastily closed by clamping the margins of the 
skin together with a hemostat, and if the heart has not 
actually become quiet, artificial respiration should be 
quickly employed. Rhythmic traction of the tongue 
may be of service Mini inhalations of aqua ammonia are 
beneficial. 

Hemorrhage. — In occasional cases, post-operative 
hemorrhage occurs and persists until the patient is 
weakened to such a degree that death results in from 
24 to 48 hours after the operation. This sometimes 
happens in subjects that have been operated upon be- 
fore the expiration of the estral period and where am- 
putation of the ovaries has been effected without due 
regard to ligation or careful execution of hemostatic 
means by torsion. 

Where capillary hemorrhage continues in sufficient 
degree to cause the escape of a quantity of blood in the 
peritoneal cavity without its assuming immediately 
dangerous proportions, the administration of from 1-250 
to 1-50 grain of atropin subcutaneously, will be found 
very helpful. Such hemorrhage is not likely to prove 
fatal. 

Infection. — The operator should constantly bear in 
mind the urgency of cleanliness in this work. While 
these canine subjects are quite resistant to infection, 
yet some cases of fatal septic peritonitis have been pro- 
duced by general practitioners not having the essential 



J 16 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

regard for the importance of asepsis, who by neglecting 
to attend to the thorough cleansing of the hands, bring 
to their work the unnecessary danger of contamination 
from previous dressing of suppurating wounds. Local 
infections are sometimes met with and are treated by 
providing drainage, removing surface sutures and swab- 
bing the depths of the wound with tincture of iodin, 
but where infection becomes generalized to the extent 
of septic peritonitis, there is little chance for recovery 
in spite of any resource of science. A carefully exe- 
cuted teclmic with due regard to asepsis is the most 
important prophylactic measure to be considered by the 
veterinarian for this operation. 

Hernia. — Hernia may be omental or intestinal. In 
some cases, a portion of the omentum is included within 
the margin of the wound and a sufficient particle pro- 
trudes causing a slight blemish, and in some few 
instances causes tension producing pain, which the 
animal manifestly indicates at different times by its 
actions. This is evidenced by arching the back and a 
reluctance to any abrupt or decided movement of the 
body. A careful examination of the patient with its 
abdominal muscles completely relaxed should be made, 
it possible, and constriction of the omentum may be 
readily recognized by digital manipulation. 

Intestinal hernia may be occasioned by an accidental 
rent in the peritoneum made in such manner that it is 
then difficult to approximate margins, — this condition 
resulting from a lack of care on the part of the surgeon 
to closely observe the emergency at the time and make 
provision for perfect coaptation of the divided struc- 
tures. 

Where hernia exists, either omental or intestinal, 
animals should be prepared, confined and anesthetized 



CASTRATION OP THE DOG 117 

as for spaying, and exploratory laparotomy done, ex- 
posing the hernial opening, breaking down adhesions 
if any exist and the wound then closed as has been de- 
scribed in the technique for spaying. 

Eventration. — In some cases where the subject has 
not been bandaged, or where for some reason the wound 
occasions pain, the animal has been known to remove 
sutures with the teeth before adhesion of the wound 
margins has taken place. Sometimes eventration re- 
sults and exposure of a large portion of the intes- 
tine and omentum may occur. Such cases are to be 
handled along general surgical principles, the exposed 
viscera thoroughly cleansed with sterile water or with 
a normal saline solution, and if not irreparably injured, 
the parts are then replaced and the wound again 
sutured. Some operators use wire sutures in the skin 
to prevent this occurrence. Cases of eventration are 
very rare from this cause, however, where a reasonably 
careful technic has been observed. 

Recurrent Estrum. — Recurrence of the estral period 
after the operation is seen in some cases. It is claimed 
by some that this condition occurs even when the opera- 
tion has been properly performed, but we consider this 
an excuse for the execution of a faulty technic, con- 
tending that if every portion of the ovarian tissue 
is removed, there will be no recurrence of estrum re- 
gardless of the age of the animal at the time of the 
operation. 

If post-operative estral periods manifest themselves, 
it is necessary to do an exploratory laparotomy making 
a large free incision ample to permit a careful and com- 
plete visual examination of the peritoneal cavity. This 
is done only after all the precautions have been ob- 
served as heretofore described for spaying, and a suffi- 



118 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

cient amount of broad ligament is then amputated by 
complete excision ; this will insure the complete removal 
of all remaining ovarian tissue and the recurrent estral 
periods will subside unless there is in existence degen- 
erative changes involving the uterus or portions of the 
horns which are usually left. Should this be the cause 
of manifestation of estrum the symptoms of heat will 
not be typical, nor will they exist in a marked degree, 
but in such cases the removal of the diseased struc- 
tures is indicated. 



SECTION VI 

CASTRATION OF THE CAT 
(SPAYING) 

The principal reason for unsexing female cats is to 
prevent the annoyance occasioned by estrmn and its 
usual culmination in pregnancy with the too frequent 
reproduction of undesirable offspring. 

Age for Operating". — Animals that are in a thrifty 
condition are best unsexed when about six or eight 
months of age. However, this operation may be per- 
formed when the cat is fully matured and the operation 
has not proved impractical in subjects grown to five or 
six years of age. Reason convinces us, though, that 
the attendant shock would naturally be much greater 
in animals of advanced years. 

Anatomy. — The principal structural differences in 
the parts directly concerned for the operation of spay- 
ing, between the cat and the dog, are that the cat 
possesses a very thin abdominal wall, longer uterine 
horns and smaller ovaries. The oviducts and ovaries 
of the eat are not dissimilar to those of the sow. 

Preparation of the Subject. — Food should be with- 
held for 24 hours and a laxative given. During the pre- 
paratory period they should be kept in clean, comfort- 
able quarters that are quiet and secluded, and pro- 
vided with- a box of sawdust or sand to encourage nor- 
mal bowel evacuation. 

Restraint. — As has been mentioned in the castration 
of male cats, these animals should be gently and care- 
fully handled because of their peculiarly sensitive or- 

119 



120 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

ganism and nervous temperament. Few persons 'appre- 
ciate this finer nature of the cat and its susceptibility to 
fear and strange environment. Females are confined by- 
being rolled in a blanket or sheet until completely anes- 
thetized, when they may be supported by means of tapes 
or bandages, the same as indicated for dogs. 

Anesthesia. — For the producing of complete anes- 
thesia which is necessary for spaying, A. C. E. in pro- 
portions of one part alcohol, two parts chloroform and 
three parts ether, constitutes a very satisfactory prep- 
aration, and it is desirable to give 1-500 to 1-250 grain 
atropin sulphate one-half hour before giving the anes- 
thesia. Alkaloidal salts of opium when used in suffi- 
ciently large dosage to effect narcosis, are too likely to 
result in over-excitement with more or less delirium. 
This is, therefore, not to be considered as a satisfactory 
agent. 

Preparation of the Surgical Area. — Laparotomy for 
spaying may be done either in the median line or in the 
region of the flank, though the flank route is preferable 
for the reason that cats are very inactive when sub- 
jected to confinement after operating, and generally 
assume and retain the position of sternal recumbency. 
While in this position the constant tension and pressure 
upon the wound seems to be conducive to necrosis and 
sepsis, whereas a flank incision is so situated that less 
strain is brought to bear upon the structures, and little 
or no pressure is exerted upon the area of surgical in- 
vasion. 

A liberal area in the flank region is next thoroughly 
lathered and shaved and the skin dried and painted 
with tincture of iodin. Coal tar derivatives are to be 
avoided as antiseptics, as cats are very susceptible to 
compounds containing cresylic acid. A 1 to 5000 solu- 



CASTRATION OF THE CAT 



121 



tion of chinosol in sterile water makes a very satisfac- 
tory working solution. 

Technic. — An incision is made downward and for- 
ward in the space between the external iliac spine and 
the last rib, this incision being of sufficient length to 




Fig. 23— FLANK INCISION FOR SPAYING THE CAT 



permit the retraction of the abdominal wall to allow a 
visual examination of the peritoneal cavity. The ut- 
most caution should be exercised in making this incision 
as the skin and abdominal muscles of the cat are very 
thin, and to one inexperienced in laparotomy in these 
subjects, it is easily possible to accidentally wound the 
viscera by misjudging tissue resistance to the edge of 
the knife. By retracting the margins of the abdominal 
wounds with forceps, one may locate the uterine horn 
nearest the side of entry which is seized with tissue 
forceps and brought to the surface. Then, by grasping 



122 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

the horn with the fingers and exerting traction upon it, 
the ovary is readily withdrawn and amputated as has 
been described for the same operation in female dogs. 
By retaining the amputated end of the uterine horn and 
employing traction upon same, the bifurcation of the 
uterus is brought to view by means of forceps and the 
remaining horn is removed in like manner. The 
abdominal wound is sutured by means of a continu- 
ous suture including the peritoneum and abdominal 
muscles. For this purpose No. 00 sterile gut suture 
material is to be preferred, and the skin and fascia 
are united by means of another suture of sterile chromic 
gut, leaving the small opening at the lower commissure 
for drainage of the wound. The wound is then sealed 
with flexible collodion with the exception of the small 
drainage opening which in itself should not exceed 
one-quarter inch in length. The entire abdominal 
wall, including the surgical area is then covered with a 
layer of sterile absorbent cotton to be held in place by 
means of a sterile gauze bandage which is snugly 
wound around the subject's body. 

After-Care. — The bandage should be removed daily 
for observation of the wound, and should signs of in- 
fection be apparent, the wound secretion may be 
forced out by gentle manipulation, taking care not to 
interfere with the primary union of the structures 
surgically apposed. If no infection occurs and the 
wound remains almost dry, there is no occasion for 
the application of antiseptics or the further molesta- 
tion of the wound. 

It is not uncommon for cats to refuse all food for 
two or three days or even a week following a major 
operation, but this in itself does not necessarily con- 
stitute an unfavorable symptom. The patients should 



CASTRATION OF THE CAT 123 

be made as comfortable as possible with respect to 
temperature, and all excitement should be avoided. 
It is best to offer them a tempting form of nourish- 
ment such as nutritive liquid food, — broths or milk — 
or a little salmon or raw hamburger steak in small 
quantities. A solid regimen is to be guarded against. 
As mentioned heretofore for preoperative preparation, 
provision should be made for the encouragement of 
urination and defecation by placing within their reach 
a pan of sawdust or clean sand. 

Sequelae 

Shock. — In singular instances, shock occurs and is 
manifested by muscular tremors, acceleration of the 
pulse and irregular respiration, but such disturbance 
is not likely to attend an ordinary spaying operation. 
To alleviate this condition, applications of external 
heat and the subcutaneous administration of 1-500 
grain each of atropin sulphate and strychnin sulphate 
will be found beneficial. 

Constipation. — Following any major operation, cats 
are prone to become constipated because of the in- 
activity due to their natural timidity. Obstinate con- 
stipation following laparotomy is often accompanied 
by wound infection and subcuticular necrosis some- 
times involving extensive areas, and in some cases 
there occurs sloughing of large pieces of skin. A 
daily examination of the wound should be made to 
detect early signs of pus and infection, and it should 
be evacuated surgically before extensive destruction 
of tissue results. The injection of hydrogen peroxide 
or solutions of chinosol 1 to 5000, in the wound, is in- 
dicated in these cases. 



APPENDIX 



Equine Umbilical Hernia 

This affection occurs in all animals and with respect 
to numbers affected, subjects of the equine species 
rank first among our patients. The nature of this 
form of hernia is such that veterinarians are fre- 
quently asked to treat these cases during- the castrat- 
ing' season. Causes of umbilical hernia may be con- 
sidered under two classifications, congenital and occa- 
sional or traumatic. Since the proportion of cases that 
are not congenital is insignificant, the occasional cases 
will receive no further consideration here. 

During infra-uterine life, as soon as the visceral 
organs have attained considerable size, there is not 
sufficient room within the splanchnic cavity for all of 
the viscera. Accommodation of this normally splanch- 
nectopie mass is afforded by the umbilical cord until 
growth of the abdominal cavity favors a return of the 
viscera and contraction of the abdominal walls around 
The umbilicus takes place. In some cases, for reasons 
not definitely known, there is failure of complete clos- 
ure of the abdominal walls around the ring, and the 
result is hernia, Rupture of the umbilical cord usually 
takes place at its weakest and most constricted part, 
which, in foals, is about an inch and a half from the 
body. "With rupture of the cord there occurs marked 
retraction of the ends of the umbilical arteries and 
some retraction of veins and constriction of the stump 

125 



126 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

of the cord. In the normal subject the lumen of the 
cord is not sufficiently large to permit of hernia. Des- 
iccation and cicatrization of the stump of the cord 
completes the process of normal spontaneous healing 
of the navel. 

In umbilical hernia the margins of the opening in 
the abdominal wall is usually somewhat thickened, and 
in some cases the margin of the peritoneum is firmly 
adherent to the margin of the abdominal opening. In 
cases that have been unsuccessfully treated, where 
clamps or skewers have been employed, considerable 
hypertrophy of all tissue surrounding the opening in 
the abdominal muscles exists. In addition to this 
there is present more or less fibrous or cicatricial 
tissue, which renders permanent closure of the abdom- 
inal opening difficult in some cases. 

Symptoms of umbilical hernia are the presence of 
fluctuating swelling at the navel, which is usually suffi- 
ciently free from adhesions that reduction is easily 
effected and the margins of the opening are readily 
outlined by palpation. This may be done by returning 
the contents of the pouched mass into the peritoneal 
cavity while the colt is in a standing position. When 
a subject is placed in dorsal recumbency, spontaneous 
reduction of umbilical hernia usually occurs, but im- 
mediately intra-abdominal pressure is increased by re- 
sistance of confinement or straining, the hernial pouch 
is at once filled with intestine or omentum and it so 
remains until relaxation of the abdominal muscles and 
diaphragm occurs. 

Umbilical hernia is distinguished from abscess in 
that abscess remains confined within the bounds of its 
walls regardless of position assumed by the subject, 
is therefore not reducible and has no patent communi- 



APPENDIX 127 

eating aperture with the peritoneal cavity. In short, 
the pathognomonic symptom of hernia is the finding 
of the aperture in the abdominal wall through which 
temporary reduction of the hernia may be effected. 

The course of the affection is essentially chronic and 
spontaneous recovery is rare. In cases where hernia 
consists principally of omentum that protrudes through 
a very small opening, adhesions take place and subse- 
quent atrophy of the impinged structures and contigu- 
ous tissue causes a very marked diminution in the 
size of a previously small enlargement. In other cases 
spontaneous closure of small hernias remits from in- 
flammation probably incited by friction between the 
contacting parts. 

In colts treatment of umbilical hernia is a subject 
wherein there exists much difference of opinion be- 
tween veterinary practitioners. The best method of 
handling any given surgical case is the one which is 
the least likely to jeopardize the life of the subject and 
at the same time effect a correction of the existing 
condition whether pathological or otherwise undesir- 
able. 

Some hernise are permanently reduced by the use 
of improvised trusses with or without the topical ap- 
plication of agents which cause local inflammation. 
The use of vesicants under cover of trusses or support- 
ing bandages of any sort cannot be too strongly con- 
demned from the standpoint of a surgical considera- 
tion of asepsis. When the average improvised truss 
or bandage is applied it is usually necessary, in order 
to properly retain it in position, to employ straps or 
other materials in such manner that pressure necrosis 
of skin and underlying tissue may result. The writer 
has observed one case of tetanus where apparently the 



128 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

contagium gained entrance by way of abrasions caused 
by straps and ropes used to hold in place an impro- 
vised truss. Such crude methods are certainly in- 
humane, slovenly and impractical. 

Injections of certain agents, such as solutions of 
silver nitrate, tincture of iodin and oil of turpentine, 
in the parietes around the umbilical opening result in 
the production of sufficient inflammation that recovery 
is brought about in some cases. This method, however, 
is not dependable. Local applications of nitric acid 
by means of a glass rod in lines upon the skin or with 
a swab over and around the hernia produces active 
inflammation and stimulates recovery in many cases. 
This method is crude, inflicts much pain to the subject, 
and may produce excessive sloughing of tissue, even- 
tration and death. 

Handling of umbilical hernia along lines that are 
strictly surgical, is in the majority of cases the very 
best method of procedure and reduction may be pro- 
duced by means of skewers, clamps or sutures without 
doing a herniotomy. Herniotomy is indicated in every 
case where other means have failed and is preferable 
in all cases where the hernia is large. Preoperative 
preparation of the subject is advisable in large colts 
and necessary where complete anesthesia is to be em- 
ployed. Preparation consists of withholding all solid 
or bulky food for 24 hours. 

Restraint of the subject in dorsal recumbency is 
necessary in all cases, and this is easily accomplished 
in field work with the harness or ropes. Chloral 
hydrate may be given per rectum a half hour before 
operating, or if thought necessary, complete anesthesia 
may be employed. Where skewers are employed it is 
advisable to clip away all hair, thoroughly cleanse the 



APPENDIX 129 

operative field, dry the surface and paint the skin 
with tincture of iodin. The operator should have in 
readiness all necessary equipment, including working 
solution, silk or linen cord, vulsellum forceps, pincers 
for amputating' points of skewers, scissors and skewers. 
One may employ ordinary hat pins for skewers as they 
may be easily and almost painlessly passed through 
the tissues and are in every way desirable when steril- 
ized. The skin over the most pendent part of the cul- 
de-sac is grasped with a pair of vulsellum forceps and 
as soon as the relaxation of the abdominal wall occurs, 
an assistant is instructed to employ sufficient traction 
by means of forceps that an equal amount of tension 
is exerted upon all parts of the pouched tissues. It is 
desirable to tense these structures, enabling the oper- 
ator to insert the skewers so that they will be situated 
directly over the hernia and not on one side of it 
when the animal is in a standing position. The base 
of the pouch is grasped and two skewers are pushed 
through the tissues at right angles with one another 
and as near the abdominal aperture as possible. This 
is done with care, after all ectopic structures have 
been replaced. 

A heavy cord is applied above the skewers and 
the base of the pouched tissues is firmly ligated. An 
elastic band may be applied over the cord to hasten 
sloughing of the ligatured mass. The sharp points of 
the skewers are removed with suitable cutters and the 
operation is completed. No special after-care is re- 
quired and sloughing of the strangulated mass takes 
place in from one to three weeks. In some few in- 
stances, because of desiccation of tissue, considerable 
local infection and suppuration may ensue, necessitat- 
ing removal by torsion and traction, the tardily seques- 



130 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

trating, pendent mass. Such cases need some local 
treatment for a week or ten days. 

This method of handling umbilical hernia is espe- 
cially indicated in cases where the abdominal opening 
is nearly circular in shape and not too large. It con- 
stitutes a very safe and practical means of handling 
hernia of colts eighteen months of age or less. 

Clamps have a field of usefulness in certain cases 
where there exists an oblong opening in the abdominal 
wall and a laparotomy is thought inadvisable. There 
are many patterns of clamps employed, but all are cal- 
culated to bring about the same effect upon the tissues 
that are confined within their grasp. 

The same general technic is employed in the ap- 
plication of clamps as in the use of skewers. The base 
of the pouched skin and fascia is grasped and the 
clamps are applied as closely as possible to the abdom- 
inal wall and this directly over the central part of the 
hernia. 

Care should be exercised that too much pressure 
is not exerted upon the tissues in large hernise, 
that early sloughing and possible eventration may 
be avoided. Some clamps are so constructed that they 
may be in part supported by straps which encircle the 
body of the subject. This affords a means of preserv- 
ing the clamps when the tissues have sloughed, but 
necessitates careful confinement of the subject lest the 
clamp be prematurely dislodged by the girth or sup- 
port being caught upon fences, walls, etc. 

Hernige, umbilical and abdominal, have been re- 
duced by means of sutures such as the cobbler's stitch, 
or mattress sutures. The principle of this method con- 
sists in effecting apposition of tissues in a manner sim- 
ilar to that done by clamps. The sutures are passed 



APPENDIX 131 

through and through all tissues at the base of the 
diverticulum in such a manner that the entire mass is 
comprised within the grasp of the sutures which really 
constitute multiple ligatures. 

Where herniotomy is to be done, general anesthesia 
with chloroform is necessary. The field of operation 
should be carefully cleansed, shaved, dried and painted 
with tincture of iodin, and a large sterile towel or 
cloth placed over the abdomen with an opening of 
sufficient size made in it to expose the hernia. An ellip- 
tical piece of skin and underlying fascia or other tissue 
is then removed in just enough quantity to allow per- 
fect apposition of the skin with sufficient tension to 
reinforce the structures underneath. 

The opening exposes to view the margins of the ab- 
dominal aperture. If much cicatricial tissue result- 
ing from previous interference exists, it may be neces- 
sary to remove some of it with a scalpel or with heavy 
dissecting scissors. If the opening is circular, it is 
advisable to remove a triangular portion of the mar- 
ginal structure at the anterior and posterior parts, 
making the opening near oval and permitting of more 
nearly perfect approximation of the margins. Scari- 
fication of the edges of the opening serves to increase 
local inflammation and promote early adhesion of the 
joined tissues. 

Apposition of the margins of the subcuticular open- 
ing by means of interrupted sutures of heavy chromic 
gut or silk is effected. The sutures are set well back 
of the margin and include peritoneum and all muscu- 
lar structures. Tincture of iodin is applied to the 
sutured tissues and the skin and fascia are joined by 
mattress sutures of heavy silk. With careful technic, 
primary union results. 



132 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

After-care consists in the restriction of violent exer- 
cise in adult horses and avoidance of large quantites 
of bulky food. Subjects are allowed the freedom of 
pasture and are turned out and allowed to exercise at 
will. Where they are kept away from the stables 
and lots, no after-care is required. In the spring and 
summer months, where this work can be done away 
from contaminated stables and sheds, there is practi- 
cally no danger from infection if care is taken to exe- 
cute a reasonably good surgical technic. 



CESAREAN SECTION IN THE SOW 

When performed at the right time, there are few 
operations that are productive of proportionately 
greater profitable results than this. In every commu- 
nity where hog raising is conducted there are certain 
seasons when dystokia in sows is very prevalent, and in 
many instances it is not to be ascribed to mismating or 
to any one definite causative factor. In the experience 
of every general practitioner in such localities, there 
are times when his skill and patience are frequently 
tried in handling cases of dystokia where he is un- 
decided as to the feasibility of doing the cesarean 
operation. "When he does decide to operate as a last 
resort and the result is unsatisfactory because of long 
protracted labor or septicemia occasioned by injuries 
to the vaginal and uterine membranes, inflicted with 
various appliances in the hands of laymen in their at- 
tempts to deliver the fetus, he is apt to view the situ- 
ation, as frequently do his clients — that the cesarean 
operation in the sow is impracticable. When this oper- 
ation is performed as soon as it is evident that serious 
dystokia is in existence and when the genitalia have 
not been injured and infected as a result of manipu- 
lation with obstetrical instruments, recovery should 
obtain in at least 75 per cent of the cases operated 
upon. 

Indications for operating are cases of dystokia where 
active labor is not productive of delivery within 12 
to 18 hours after travail has begun. As soon as it is 
evident that serious dystokia exists in any given case, 

133 



134 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

there is every reason for operating early, and defer- 
ring the operation until uterine atony and beginning 
degenerative changes have taken place, lessens the 
chances of recovery. As a rule swine withstand lap- 
arotomies very well, and the cesarean operation should 
be performed more frequently than it is in veterinary 
practice, and when performed should be done early. 

Anatomy. — There exists no essential difference in the 
anatomy of the abdominal wall in the region anterior 
to the external iliac spine from that of the horse, ex- 
cept that in sows there is usually found a heavy layer 
of fat interposed between the subcuticular fascia and 
the external oblique muscle, and the musculature of 
this region is proportionately less vascular than in the 
horse. 

The uterus and its horns are supported by an abund- 
antly large, broad ligament. The body of the uterus 
is very short and serves merely as a passageway be- 
tween the horns and the vaginal canal. The uterine 
horns are very long and necessarily tortuous, and it is 
possible to bring any part of the horns to the surface 
of an abdominal incision without difficulty. 

Anesthesia. — The problem of anesthesia in this work 
is one which has been given considerable thought by 
operators because they have learned from experience 
that many sows do not readily withstand the effect 
of chloroform, frequent losses being directly due to 
chloroform poisoning. Dilutions of chloroform such 
as A. C. E. in proportion of one part of alcohol, two 
parts chloroform and three parts of ether, constitute a 
very satisfactory agent for the production of anesthesia 
in selected cases. Subjects that have been bred, fed 
and otherwise cared for so that they have matured 
early, are apparently more susceptible to untoward re- 
sults occasioned by inhalation anesthesia. 



CESAREAN SECTION IN THE SOW 135 

Rectal administration of chloral hydrate in dilutions 
of one part of chloral hydrate to 12 parts of tepid 
water, given in qnantites of one drachm for each 100 
pounds weight, will produce sufficient stupefaction to 
enable the surgeon to do a satisfactory operation. In 
a few cases a solution of chloral hydrate is not re- 
tained, even when diluted with 16 parts of water. 
This may be due to a supersensitive rectal mucosa or 
a lax sphincter ani, and difficulties so encountered 
may be overcome by clamping the anus with a pair 
of forceps, thus preventing escape of the solution of 
chloral hydrate until a marked anesthetic effect is evi- 
dent. As soon as there is sufficient soporific effect mani- 
fested the forceps should be removed to permit evacua- 
tion of the contents of the rectum, and in cases where it 
would seem necessary, the employment of an enema for 
the removal of any excessive amount of chloral hydrate 
is advisable. 

Restraint. — If possible, the subject is placed upon 
some sort of improvised operating table (a barn door 
supported by tressels or boxes answers the purpose 
very well) and "hog tied" leaving either the right or 
left flank exposed for surgical invasion. 

Equipment. — One should have at hand sterile towels 
or sheets, two or three curved needles threaded with 
silk, three or four curved cambric pointed needles 
threaded with No. 1 chromic gut, a scalpel, Kelley 
forceps, six or eight pairs of 8 or 10 inch compression 
forceps, scissors, absorbent cotton, sterile gauze, and 
a basin containing any suitable antiseptic solution such 
as a one per cent solution of Liquor Cresolis Com- 
positus. 

Preparation of the Field of Operation. — The hair 
should be clipped from a liberal area in the region 



136 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

just posterior to the last rib, and the skin may be 
cleansed with a swab and gasoline and then painted 
with tincture of iodin. 

Technic. — An incision is made in the space be- 
tween the external iliac spine and last rib, the direc- 
tion of which is to be downward and forward and 
of sufficient length to permit comfortable access for 
manipulation of the parts to be dealt with. All of the 
tissues comprising the abdominal wall are divided 
with a scalpel, and hemorrhage, if of any consequence, 
is controlled by means of forceps. The flank of the 
subject is now covered with sterile towels and kept 
so until the operation is completed. 

The hand is introduced into the peritoneal cavity, 
and by palpation it is determined whether one or 
both horns are gravid and whether a fetus is lodged, 
in part, in the body of the uterus. A horn (the one 
nearest the abdominal incision if it is gravid), is 
grasped and brought to the surface by gentle traction. 
At this time it is necessary to carefully examine the 
parts for the purpose of determining whether a hyster- 
otomy or a hysterectomy is to be performed. 

If there exists evidence of considerable emphysema 
of the fetuses indicating that degenerative changes in- 
volving the uterine horns have taken place, amputa- 
tion of the uterus and horns should be decided upon. 
If both horns are gravid and particularly if more than 
one fetus is contained in each horn, hysterectomy 
should be done ; it is very difficult to do a hysterotomy 
in such instances without producing laceration of some 
part of one or both gravid horns with probable con- 
tamination of the peritoneal cavity occasioned by es- 
caping putrid fluids. 

AVhere hysterectomy is decided upon the gravid horn 



CESAREAN SECTION IN THE SOW 137 

nearest the site of incision is entirely withdrawn from 
the peritoneal cavity, and the broad ligament anterior 
to the ovary is clamped with a pair of forceps. An- 
other forcep is securely clamped near the ovary, and 
division of tissues between the two forceps is effected 
with the scissors, and by carefully tearing the attach- 
ment of the broad ligaments, the end of the gravid 
horn is removed from the peritoneal cavity. 

The next step in the operation consists in causing 
the evacuation of the contents, if any, of the body of 
the uterus. This is done by a process of squeezing or 
milking out by digital manipulation. This having been 
done, two pairs of heavy forceps are securely clamped 
upon the body of the uterus with a space of about one 
inch intervening, and the body of the uterus is divided 
between the two pairs of forceps, thus permitting the 
removal of the bifurcated portion of the uterus which 
is held firmly closed by means of forceps. Repeating 
the process of rupture of the broad ligament by tear- 
ing or blunt dissection, progressing in the direction 
of the ovary along the horn farthermost from the open- 
ing in the abdominal wall, this horn is traced out to 
a point beyond the location of the ovary, and two 
pairs of forceps are clamped upon the broad ligament 
anterior to the location of the ovary, and the removal 
of the horn, oviduct and ovary is effected as has been 
previously described. 

The amputated ends of the broad ligaments are 
ligated by means of a gut suture proximal to the posi- 
tion of the forceps, and they are then removed. The 
end of the stump of the uterus is lifted, by means of 
the forceps attached thereto, as nearly as possible to 
the surface of the abdominal wound, and its mucous 
lining is painted with tincture of iodin. The stump of 



138 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

the uterus is then ligated by means of a heavy gut or 
silk thread which is retained in situ by being fixe«d at 
several points with a needle and securely tied. This 
having been done, the forceps attached to the uterus 
are removed, and the abdominal wound is ready to be 
sutured. 

The peritoneum and muscular layers of the abdom- 
inal wall are approximated by means of a continuous 
suture using gut or silk thread. The skin is united 
by means of a heavy silk or linen suture material, 
using a continuous suture, and the parts are painted 
with tincture of iodin and immediately coated with a 
layer of pine tar. 

Indications for the performance of hysterotomy are 
in cases where only one uterine horn is gravid, or, if 
both horns are gravid, where living fetuses are con- 
tained in them, and there exists no apparent structural 
change involving the body of the uterus and cornua 
■ — in cases where labor has not existed for more than 
24 hours and where the mucous membrane of the geni- 
talia has not been seriously injured by means of instru- 
ments in attempting delivery. 

If both uterine horns are gravid, the one nearest the 
abdominal opening should be brought to the surface 
and laid upon towels which line the wound margins 
and cover the surface of the body of the subject. An 
incision is then made through the body of the horn 
at a point rather near its dorsum. If there are several 
fetuses contained within this uterine horn, an incision 
is made over the body of the fetus lying nearest the 
uterus. The incision should be made parallel with the 
long axis of the uterine horn and of sufficient length to 
permit the easy removal of the fetus. 

After having removed the fetus, taking care not to 



CESAREAN SECTION IN THE SOW 139 

permit the escape of fluids which would contaminate the 
abdominal wound or possibly the peritoneum, the re- 
maining- fetuses are removed by way of the same in- 
cision. This is accomplished by digital manipulation 
of the horn, — an assistant is of much help at this stage 
of the operation, — and after having evacuated the con- 
tents of this horn, the other one is brought to the sur- 
face. If possible its contents are crowded out and by 
gentle manipulation the fetuses are extracted by way 
of the incision first made. 

If attachment of the placental membranes prevents 
the transferring of the contents of the second horn 
across and by way of the body of the uterus through 
the first horn and out through the incision made 
therein, it is necessary to make a second opening for 
the purpose of removing the fetuses directly out of 
the horn in which they are contained. 

After having removed all fetuses, any portions of 
fetal membranes are carefully removed, and by means 
of dressing forceps and cotton the interior of the 
uterine horns and the body of the uterus are carefully 
swabbed, removing, if possible, all of the contents. 
This having been accomplished, the two incisions made 
into the horns of the uterus are closed, using for this 
purpose chromic gut and uniting the wound margins 
with a Lembert suture. 

After having mopped the wound margins with 
pledgets of cotton taken from the working solution, 
the uterus and horns are returned into the peritoneal 
cavity, and the wound margin is likewise cleansed of 
any possible contaminating materials and sutured as 
just described in hysterectomy. 

After-Care. — In some cases there is marked evidence 
of shock following a cesarean operation, and a hypo- 



140 ANIMAL CASTRATION 

dermic injection of 1-100 to 1-50 grain of atropin sul- 
phate is beneficial. Animals should be placed in com- 
fortable quarters and unmolested for a few hours until 
they have had time to recover from all shock incident 
to the operation. They should be given water ad 
libitum and offered a gruel of oil meal, shorts and 
water or other suitable nutritive and laxative food. 
No special after-care is necessary except to give the 
subjects every attention to make them as nearly com- 
fortable as possible. 

If pigs are delivered in a condition to survive, they 
are best taken away from the sow for six or eight 
hours, after which time they may be returned, and if 
the case progresses favorably, she can nurse them al- 
most as well as though normal delivery had taken 
place. 



INDEX 



Abdominal cryptorchidy. . 36 
Accidents from 

restraint 21, 4S 

After-care of bulls 60 

After-care of calves 64 

After-care of colts 32 

After-care in caponizing.. 8S 

After-care of cats 85 

After-care of cat in 

spaying 122 

After-care of cryptorchids 45 

After-care of dogs So 

After-care of dog 

in spaying 113 

After-care of heifers .... 99 
After-care of inguinal 

cryptorchids 47 

After-care of mares 94 

After-care of sheep 73 

After-care of stallion .... 34 

After-care of swine 76 

Age for calves 11 

Age for castrating 11 

Age for cats 12 

Age for colts 11 

Age for cryptorchid 

castration 37 

Age for dogs 12 

Age for heifers 12 

Age for sheep 12 

Age for swine 12 

Anesthesia 17 

Anesthesia in castrating 

cryptorchids 40 

Anesthesia in castration of 

mares 90 

Anesthesia of cat ....83, 120 

Anesthesia of cow 95 

Anesthesia of dog .... 83, 105 

Anesthesia of sow 134 

Anesthesia of stallion ... 33 



Anesthesia of swine 80 

Atrophies following 

restraint 49 



Birds, castration of 87 

Bos, castration of 59 

Bulls, after-care of 66 

Bulls, castration of 64 

Bulls, castration sequelae 

of 68 

Bulls, contamination by 

flies 71 

Bulls, cryptorchid 66 

Bulls, infection of wounds 

in 70 

Bulls, internal hemorrhage 

of 69 

Bulls, restraint of 64 

Bulls, scrotum of 59 

Calves, after-care of 64 

Calves, age for 11 

Calves, castration of 62 

Caponizing 87 

Caponizing, after-care in.. 88 

Care in restraint 20 

Cats, after-care of 85 

Cat, after-care of in spay- 
ing 122 

Cats, age for 12 

Cat, anesthesia of 83, 120 

Cats, castration of 83 

Cat, castration of female. 119 
Cat, constipation following 

spaying of 123 

Cats, cryptorchidy in 85 

Cat, shock following spay- 
ing of 123 

Cesarean section in sow... 133 
Charlier's method in cows. 95 



141 



142 



INDEX 



Charlier 's method in mares 89 

Clamps 25 

Cold affecting subject.... 13 

Colic from castration 51 

Colts, after-care of 32 

Colts, age for 11 

Colt, normal 29 

Conformation, effect upon. 10 
Constipation following 

spaying of cat 123 

Covered operation 28, 48 

Covered operation, modifi- 
cation of 31 

Cow, anesthesia of 95 

Cows, Charlier 's method in 95 
Cow, vaginal ovariotomy of 95 
Cryptorchids, after-care of 45 
Cryptorchids, anatomy of. 37 
Cryptorchids, anesthesia in 

castrating 40 

Cryptorchid bulls 66 

Cryptorchid castration, age 

for 37 

Cryptorchid horses, castra- 
tion of 35 

Cryptorchids, inguinal .... 46 
Cryptorchids, laparotomy 

for castrating 44 

Cryptorchids, preparation 

of 39 

Cryptorchid restraint 39 

Cryptorchids, surgical tech- 

nic for castrating 41 

Cryptorchidy, abdominal. . 36 
Cryptorchidy of bull, inter- 
stitial 68 

Cryptorchidy in cats 85 

Cryptorchidy in dogs 85 

Dogs, after-care of 85 

Dogs, after-care in spay- 
ing 113 

Dogs, age for castrating.. 12 
Dogs, anesthesia of . . . .83, 105 

Dogs, castration of 83 

Dogs, cryptorchidy in 85 

Dogs, eventration in 117 

Dogs, hemorrhage in 115 

Dogs, hernia in 116 

Dogs, postoperative infec- 
tion in 115 

Dogs, recurrence of estrum 
in 117 



Dogs, sequela? of spaying 

in 114 

Dogs, spaying of 103 

Ecraseur 25 

Effect of rain on subject.. 13 
Effect of filth on subject. . 13 

Emasculator 25 

Equine umbilical hernia... 125 
Estrum in dog, recurrence 

of 117 

Eventration in dog 117 

Filth affecting subject. ... 13 

Fistula, scrotal 53 

Flesh, character of modified 10 
Fractures from restraint . . 48 

Heifers, after-care of 99 

Heifers, age for castrating 12 

Heifers, castration of 97 

Heifers, restraint of 97 

Hemorrhage 49 

Hemorrhage of bulls, in- 
ternal 69 

Hemorrhage of dogs 115 

Hemorrhage of stallion... 35 
Hemorrhage, primary .... 49 
Hemorrhage, secondary . . 50 
Hemorrhage, treatment of. 50 

Hernise 47, 52 

Hernia, equine umbilical. .125 

Hernia in dog 116 

Hernia of swine, extra-vag- 
inal 79 

Hernia of swine, intra-vag- 

inal 79 

High flankers 46 

History 9 

Horse, castration of 29 

Hydrocele 56 

Hydrocele, prevention of . . 31 
Hydrocele, treatment of . . . 57 

Infection in dog, postoper- 
ative 115 

Infection of wounds in 

bulls 70 

Inguinal cryptorchids 46 

Inguinal cryptorchids, 

after-care of 47 



INDEX 



143 



Instruments 15 

Instruments, care of 16 

Interstitial cryptorchidy of 

bull 68 

Laparotomy for castrating 

cryptorchids 44 

Ligatures 25 

Mares, after-care of 94 

Mares, anesthesia in 

castration of 90 

Mares, castration of 89 

Mares, Charlier's method 

in 89 

Mares, preparation of . . . . 90 

Mares, restraint of 90 

Mares, technic of operation 

in ....'. 91 

Milk, effect upon 10 

Normal colt, castration of. 29 

Object 9 

Ovariotomy of cow 95 

Peritonitis 54 

Preoperative preparation 

of stallion 33 

Preoperative preparation 

of subject 13 

Preparation of cryptorchid 

subject 39 

Preparation of mares 91 

Preparation of surgical 

area 14 

Reasons for castrating. ... 9 

Restraint 17, 18, 20 

Restraint, accidents 

from 21, 48 

Restraint, atrophies follow- 
ing 49 

Restraint, care in 21 

Restraint, fractures from. . 48 

Restraint of cryptorchids. 39 

Restraint of heifers 97 

Restraint of mares 90 

Restraint of stallions 33 

Restraint of swine 75 



Scirrhus cord 54 

Scirrhus cord in swine.... 77 
Scirrhus cord, treatment of 55 

Scrotal fistula 53 

Scrotal hernia 47, 79 

Scrotum, anatomy of 23 

Scrotum of bull 59 

Scrotum, swelling of 52 

Season for castrating 12 

Sequelae 48 

Sequela? of castration in 

bulls 68 

Sequela? of castration in 

sheep 74 

Sequela? of castration in 

swine 77 

Sequela? of spaying in 

dogs 114 

Sheep, after-care of 73 

Sheep, age for castrating. . 12 

Sheep, castration of 73 

Sheep, sequela? of castra- 
tion in 74 

Shock 51 

Shock following spaying of 

cat 123 

Solution basins 17 

Sow, anesthesia of 134 

Sows, castration of 101 

Spaying of female cat.... 119 

Spaying of cow 95 

Spaying of female dog. ...103 

Spaying of heifers 97 

Spaying of mare 89 

Spaying of sows .. ., 101 

Spermatic cord, anatomy of 23 

Stallion, after-care of 34 

Stallion, anesthesia for. . . . 33 
Stallion, castration of.... 32 
Stallion, hemorrhage in. . . . 35 
Stallion, preparation of... 33 

Stallion, restraint of 33 

Standing castration 18 

Surgical area, preparation 

of 14 

Surgical technic for castra- 
ting cryptorchids 41 

Swelling of scrotum 52 

Swine, after-care of 76 

Swine, age for castrating. 12 

Swine, anesthesia of 80 

Swine, castration of 75 



144 



INDEX 



Swine, extra-vaginal hernia 

of 79 

Swine, intra-vaginal hernia 

of 79 

Swine, restraint of 75 

Swine, scirrhus cord in... 77 
Swine, scrotal hernia in. . . 79 
Swine, sequelae of castra- 
tion in 77 

Technic of operation in 

mares 91 



Testicle, anatomy of.' 23 

Testicles, comparative size 

of 24 

Torsion 25 

Treatment of hemorrhage. 50 

Treatment of hydrocele... 57 

Treatment of scirrhus cord 55 

Uncovered operation. . . .27, 76 

Vaginal tunics 23 

Young calves, castration of 59 



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